98《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件

ACourseonLinguistics戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》（网络下载，调整修改中）TheGoalsforthisCourse•Togetascientificviewonlanguage;•Tounderstandsomebasictheoriesonlinguistics;•Tounderstandtheapplicationsofthelinguistictheories,especiallyinthefieldsoflanguageteaching&learning(SLAorTEFL),cross-culturalcommunication……;•Toprepareforthefutureresearchwork.TheRequirementsforthiscourse•Classattendance•Classroomdiscussion•Fulfillmentoftheassignment•ExaminationReferenceBooks•戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社。•胡壮麟，(2001)，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社。•刘润清，(1995)，《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社。•Fromkin,V.&R.Rodman,(1998),AnIntroductiontoLanguagethesixthedition,Orlando,Florida:Holt,Ranehart&Winston,Inc.Chapter1.Introduction1.Whatislanguage?Languagecanmean•whatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)•thewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeare’slanguage,Luxun’slanguage)•aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)•theabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)•thecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)•atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)•asetofrules.(rule-governed)Sapir’sdefinition(1921)•“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”Hall’sdefinition(1968)•Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”Chomsky’sdefinition(1957)•“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof(finiteorinfinite)sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”Languagecanbegenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystem•Systematic----rule-governed,elementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrules;can’tbecombinedatwill.e.g.*bkli,*Iappleeat.Languageisarbitrary•Arbitrary----nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith.Languageissymbolicinnature•Symbolic----wordsareassociatedwithobjects,actionsideasbyconvention.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”----ShakespeareLanguageisprimarilyvocal•Vocal----theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages;writingsystemcamemuchlaterthanspokenform.Languageishuman-specific•Human-specific----differentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess,e.g.birdsongs,beedance,animalcries.Thedesign/definingfeaturesofhumanlanguage(CharlesHockett)•Arbitrariness•Productivity/Creativity•Duality•Displacement•CulturaltransmissionArbitrariness----Nological(motivatedorintrinsic)connectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.•Onomatopoeicwords(whichimitatenaturalsounds)aresomewhatmotivated(English:rumble,crackle,bang,….Chinese:putong,shasha,dingdang…)•Somecompoundwordsarenotentirelyarbitrary,e.g.type-writer,shoe-maker,air-conditioner,photocopy…Productivity/creativity----Peculiartohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.•Agibboncallsystemisnotproductiveforgibbondrawalltheircallsfromafixedrepertoirewhichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.•Thebeedancedoeshavealimitedproductivity,asitisusedtocommunicateaboutfoodsourcesinanydirection.Butfoodsourcesaretheonlykindofmessagesthatcanbesentthroughthebeedance;beesdonot“talk”aboutthemselves,thehives,orwind,letaloneaboutpeople,animals,hopesordesiresDuality(doublearticulation)•Lowerlevel----sounds(meaningless)•Higherlevel----meaning(largerunitsofmeaning)•Acommunicationsystemwithdualityisconsideredmoreflexiblethanonewithoutit,forafargreaternumberofmessagescanbesent.Asmallnumberofsoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(words),andtheunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.(wemakedictionaryofalanguage,butwecannotmakeadictionaryofsentencesofthatlanguage.Displacement----Languagecanbeusedtorefertothings,whicharenotpresent:realorimaginedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.•Agibbonneveruttersacallaboutsomethingheatelastyear•Thereissomethingspecialaboutthebeedancethough.Beescommunicatewithotherbeesaboutthefoodsourcestheyhavefoundwhentheyarenolongerinthepresenceofthefood.Inthissense,thebeedancehasacomponentofdisplacement.Butthiscomponentisveryinsignificant.Forthebeesmustcommunicateaboutthefoodimmediatelyonreturningtothehive.Theydonotdanceaboutthefoodtheydiscoveredlastmonthnordotheyspeculateaboutfuturediscoveries.Culturaltransmission----Languageisculturallytransmitted(throughteachingandlearning;ratherthanbyinstinct).•Animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Allcats,gibbonsandbeeshavesystemswhicharealmostidenticaltothoseofallothercats,gibbonsandbees.•AChinesespeakerandanEnglishspeakerarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Thatis,itispassonfromonegenerationtothenextbyteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.•Thestoryofawolfchild,apigchildshowsthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationsimplydoesn