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农业科技与三农政策专题,CAAS研究生院2014土壤资源与利用土壤资源与利用土壤质量的现状与提升技术土壤质量的现状与提升技术SoilQualityandImprovingSoilQualityandImprovingTechnologyinChinaTechnologyinChina徐明岗徐明岗InstituteofAgriculturalResourcesandRegionalPlanningInstituteofAgriculturalResourcesandRegionalPlanning,CAAS,ChinaContributionfromBiSilFtilitBasicSoilFertilitySoilproductivityEffectsofManagement:EffectsofManagement:Fertilization,iitiirrigation,…...CropProductivity:SilftilitittiithffiifWtSoilfertilityinteractionwithefficiencyofWaterandfertilizersIncreasingefficiencyofwaterandfertilizersCropild水肥效应IncreasingSoilfertilityyield基础地力地力效应IncreasingSoilfertilitySoilFertilityContributiontoGrainYieldinChina:52%ForricewheatandmaizeinaverageForrice,wheatandmaizeinaverage单季稻早稻晚稻晚稻2020~3030~40小麦玉米304040~5050~6060~7070~8080~9090TangandHuang,2009SoilFertilityContributiontoGrainYieldinChina:52%Wh???Lower20%thanthatofUSAWhy???单季稻早稻晚稻晚稻YieldW-W-F2020~3030~40小麦玉米SoilFF304040~5050~6060~70FertilityFertilitySoilUSAChin70~8080~9090SameVarityAaTangandHuang,2009LowerSoilFertilityinChinaLowSOMyLowSOMInChina,SOMin26%ofarablesoilislessthan1%,whichisonly30-50%ofEuropeanSoils.Requirement:Techniquestoincreasesoilfertility,SOCRegionBrownearthsCinnamonsoilsChernozemsChina1%-1.5%≈1%≈3%Europe3%2%≈8%OutlineOutline1.Soilquality:currentsituation2.Long-termfieldexperimentsinChina3.SoilQualityandSOC44.SoilQualityinfuture:hotpointsandrequirementrequirement1.Soilquality:currentsituationWhatissoilquality?Soilqualityincludesthreeaspects:soilfertilityquality,soilenvironmentquality,andsoilsoilfertilityquality,soilenvironmentquality,andsoilhealthyquality.1.Soilquality:currentsituationSoilquality-----EitibldtiitfdtkbdiEnsuringsustainableproductivityforcropandstockbreeding;Protectingairandwaterfromcontamination;andEnsuringthehealthytohumanandbiologyandEnsuringthehealthytohumanandbiology.ityAggradingselineSillitiQualiAggradingBasSoilqualityisinfluencedbytdSoilSustainingDegradingmanagement,andchangeswithtimeTime1.Soilquality:currentsituationWhatissoilfertility?Soilfertility-Animportantcharacteristicofsoilquality;ThestatusofsoilwithrespecttoitsabilitytoThestatusofsoilwithrespecttoitsabilitytosupplythenutrientsessentialtoplantgrowth.gAlthoughtheconceptofsoilqualityisidltdbhthtwidelyacceptedbyresearchers,thecurrentresearchesaremainlyfocusonsoilfertility.1.SoilqualityinChina:currentsituationTheCurrentSoilQualityinChina-overalllowChina-overalllow¾Theareaoflowfertility,which全国耕地高、中、低地力面积(1996年)¾Theareaoflowfertility,whichisdifficulttouseforAgriculture,forestry,andilhbdtPercentageofcroplandareaoflow,middle,andhighproductivity.31.09%26.15%animalhusbandry,accountsfor1/4oftotalarea.高产田中产田¾Theareaofmiddleandlowproductivitylandaccountsfor42.76%低产田productivitylandaccountsfor2/3oftotalarea.TheCurrentSoilQualityinChina1.Soilquality:currentsituation¾Lowsoilorganicmatter(SOM)contentTheCurrentSoilQualityinChinag()TheaveragecontentofSOMincroplandis10g/kginChinaandis2540g/kginEuropeanandAmericaninChina,andis25-40g/kginEuropeanandAmericancountries.TheSOMcontentinnortheastChinais80-100/f100100g/kgatthebeginningofreclamation,andis10-50g/kgnow.¾Soilnutrientsdeficiencyandnon-equalizationThepercentageofpotassiumdeficiencyandmicroThepercentageofpotassiumdeficiencyandmicro-elementareais56%and50%,respectively.Thlditil1.Soilquality:currentsituationThecroplandareapercapitaisverylow我国人均耕地资源与世界主要国家比较(亩)我国人均耕地仅为世界人均数量的26%;均数量的26%;美国的10%11.4512144.034.96810121.180.50.92024中国世界美国日本法国荷兰ChinaWorldUSAJapanFranceHolland中国世界美国日本法国荷兰ChinaWorldUSAJapanFranceHolland1.Soilquality:currentsituationThecomparisonofSOMcontentbetweenChinaandEuropeCinnamonbetweenChinaandEuropeRegionBrownearthsCinnamonsoilsChernozemsChina1%-1.5%≈1%≈3%Europe3%2%≈8%耕地质量与粮食安全耕地质量与粮食安全9耕地与耕地质量9耕地质量与粮食生产9耕地质量与高产品种增产潜力9耕地质量与高效、优质、生态、安全的粮食生产全的粮食生产1、耕地与耕地质量1、耕地与耕地质量z耕地(Arableland):种植农作物的土地z耕地(Arableland):种植农作物的土地。¾长期耕作的熟化土地¾新开发、复垦、整理地,休闲地¾种植农作物(含蔬菜、药材、果树或其他树木)¾种植农作物(含蔬菜、药材、果树或其他树木)土地¾平均每年能保证收获季的已垦滩地和海涂¾平均每年能保证收获一季的已垦滩地和海涂z水田、水浇地、旱地三大类•耕地质量是指耕地(土壤)提供植物养分和耕地质量是指耕地(土壤)提供植物养分和生产生物物质的肥力质量,容纳、吸收、净化污染物的环境质量以及维护保障人类和化污染物的环境质量,以及维护保障人类和动植物健康的健康质量。动植物健康的健康质量•耕地质量的核心是耕地生产力,基础是土壤肥力。土壤肥力是土壤质量的重要特征是作物高•土壤肥力是土壤质量的重要特征,是作物高产稳产的保证,也是可持续生产力的基础•对农业土壤(耕地)更关心肥力质量!土壤6大功能生产生态功能社会经济功能土壤6大功能生产功能承载功能态功能济功能农业、林业、医药以及其他生物住宅、厂房、交通网络、休闲娱药以及其他生物产品生物量生产通网络、休闲娱乐设施建设基础原材料功能缓冲过滤功能地下水、食物链生物多样性以及区域大气的保护地球能源的开发建筑原材料,砖黏土混凝土填料区域大气的保护黏土混凝土填料栖息地基因库功能景观文化遗产功能支持生物区系的繁衍,地区性生物基因库的保护自然景观的形成文化遗产、古代建筑的支撑保护物基因库的保护建筑的支撑保护2、耕地质量与粮食生产z耕地继续减少;人口和粮食需求刚性增长!2、耕地质量与粮食生产耕地继续减少;人口和粮食需求刚性增长!z如何在有限的耕地上,实现粮食安全?z确保粮食自给方针,提升耕地质量是唯一选择!12000130001200013000斤我国粮食总产变化和需求预测10000110001000011000食总产量,亿19851990199520002005201020152020202520302035700080009000700080009000粮食19851990199520002005201020152020202520302035年份大量数据表明大量数据表明35农业技术对粮食单产提高的贡献率(1978-1996)来源农业部大量数据表明:大量数据表明:粮食增产中,土壤253035%来源:农业部改良和培肥技术的贡献率占1/3强1520贡献率,贡献率占1/3强(相当于优良品种)510ABCD0植物保护土壤改良施肥栽培优良品种土壤改良与培肥土壤改良与培肥是提高我国粮食产能的主攻途径!是提高我国粮食产能的主攻途径!3耕地质量与高产品种增产潜力3、耕地质量与高产品种增产潜力25高产记录区试产量实际产量新品种产量潜力不玉米m2)19.51520高产记录区试产量实际产量断扩展但农田实际产量增长缓慢产量(t/hm7.6116.17.98.854.95.23510长缓慢耕地(地力)等问题已上升为田间尺度阻30519801995200
本文标题:土壤质量的现状与提升技术
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