独立主格结构精讲

独立主格AbsoluteconstructionScottTomorrowwe’llexplaindifficultpointsinEnglishWeeklyModule3anditstest.1.______(see)fromthemountain,wecanseetheriverrunningthroughthecity.2.Iamlookingforwardto_______(see)youagain.3.Theboywasluckyenoughtoescape___________(punish)4.Iapologizetoyoufor___________(tell)youthetruthimmediately.5.It’snouse________(try)tomakemebelieveyou.6.Thegirl________(sit)underthattreeismysister.7.______(lose)hernewbicyclemadeMarysoupset.8.______________(receive)areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.9.Ismellsomething_______(burn)tinthekitchen.CanIcallyoubackinaminute?(2007全国卷）10.Tom’s_______(attend)themeetingmadeeveryonethereveryhappy.11.Theteacheraskedme_________(hand)inmyhomework.12.Wedon’tallow__________(smoke),soyoumustgotothesmokingroom.13.Wedon’tallowyou__________(smoke)here.14.Nobodyareallowed___________(smoke)here.SeeingseeingbeingpunishednottellingtryingsitingLosingNothavingreceivedburningattendingtohandsmokingtosmoketosmoke1.SinceIdon’tknowheraddress,Ican’tgetintouchwithher.2.WehavecomehereinorderthatwecanimproveourEnglish.3.Theycameintotheroomandtheyweresinginganddancing.4.Whensheheardthenews,shecouldn’thelplaughing.5.Afterheclosedthewindows,hewenthome.6.Whenwehadfinishedthework,wewentouttoplay.7.Iftheweatherpermits,we’llgooutonanouting.8.ThatSamcametoschoollatemadehisteacherquiteangry.Task:changethefollowingsentencesintosimpleones.Notknowingheraddress,ToimproveourEnglish,wehavecomehere.Theycameintotheroom,singinganddancing.Hearingthenews,she……Havingclosedthewindows,……Havingfinishedthework,we……Weatherpermitting,……Sam’scomingtoschoollatemadehisteacherquiteangryIwasscaredandfeelingprettyanxious,___myfirsttimeinanewcountry.A.thisbeingB.thiswasC.beingD.wasBut,独立主格结构(AbsoluteConstruction)由一名（代）词和另一成分构成的复合结构作状语称为独立主格结构(AbsoluteConstruction)，有下面几类：１）名词（或代词）＋分词Thestormhavingdestroyedtheirhut,theyhadtoliveinacave.Helayonhisback,hishandscrossedunderhishead.2)名词（或代词）＋形容词Heenteredtheroom,hisnoseredwithcold.3)名词（或代词）＋不定式Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeoutnextmonth.这儿是头两卷，第三卷下月出．4)名词（或代词）＋介词短语AfterkillingtheJapanesesoldier,thetwopartisansranaway,rifleinhand.杀死了那两个日本兵之后，两个游击队员提着枪跑了．5)名词（或代词）＋副词Heputonhissockswrongsideout.Classover,allthestudentswentoutfromtheclassroom.这样的结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况：1.Istoodathisleft,myfingeronthebutton,waitingfortheorder.2.Heenteredthedarkroom,guninhand.3.Hefelltothefloor,bloodstreamingfromhisnose.有时也用来表示时间1.Themeetingover,everyonetriedtodosomethingfortheschool.2.Springcomingon,thetreesturnedgreen.3.Thequestion(being)settled,theywentbacktotheirposts.4.Thisdone,helockedthedoorandwenttobed.有时也用来表示条件1.Weatherpermitting,we’llgototheWesternHillstomorrow.(=Iftheweatherpermits,….)2.Everythingtakenintoconsideration,theplanXiaoYuputforwardseemstobemoreworkable.从各方面考虑一下，小余提的计划似乎更可行一些．3.Timepermitting,I’llcallonmyunclethisafternoon.有时也用来表示原因1.Johnbeingaway,Henryhadtodothework.2.Nofurtherdiscussionarising,themeetingwasbroughttoaclose.再也没有什么讨论的事，会议就结束了．3.Whenshewasfiftysheretired,herhealthhavingbeenimpairedbyyearsofoverwork.她五十岁时退休了，(因为)多年的劳累把她的身体搞坏了．独立主格结构I.独立主格结构的基本概念由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。II.独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。1、名词或代词主格+分词①Theexperimentdone,thestudentswentontotakenotesintheexperimentreport.实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。②Timepermitting,wecanhaveawalkaroundtheplaygroundaftersupper.如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。2、名词或代词主格+形容词①Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。②Theclothesverydirty,you'dbetterwashthemquickly.衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+不定式Thelastguesttoarrive,ourpartywasstarted.最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。4、名词或代词主格+介词短语①Scott,ourEnglishteacher,cameintotheclassroom,papersinhand.我们的英语老师Scott走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。②Thereisariverinthevalley,freshflowersonthebanks.山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。5、名词或代词主格+副词①Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeeting-room.散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。②Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。III.独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。①Iftimepermits,we'dbetterhaveaholidayatweekends.转换为:Timepermitting,we'dbetterhaveaholidayatweekends.如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。②Whenweseefromthehilltop,wecanfindthecitymorebeautiful.转换为:Seeingfromthehilltop,wecanfindthecitymorebeautiful.从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。1.Livinginthecountry,wehadfewamusements.Beingunabletohelpinanyotherway,Igavehersomemoney.2.Nobodyhavinganymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.Ourteacherbeingunabletocome,we’dbetterputoffthemeeting.3.Withtheoldmanleading,thesoldierswalkedtowardstheforest.Shefeltverynervouswithsomanypeoplelookingather.IV.独立主格结构与独立成分的异同1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:Generallyspeaking总的说来,Franklyspeaking坦率地说,Judgingfrom从……判断,Supposing(that)假设,等等。①Generallyspeaking,theruleisveryeasytounderstand.总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。②Judgingfromwhathesaid,hemustbeanhonestman.由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:tobehonest老实说,tobesure确实,totellyouthetruth说实话,tocutalongstoryshort长话短说,tobefrank坦率地说,tomakematters/thingsworse更糟糕的是,等等。①Totellyouthetruth,Imadeamis