从语言学角度看中国洋泾浜英语的影响

从语言学角度看中国洋泾浜英语的影响［Abstract］ChinesePidginEnglishisavarietyoftheEnglishlanguage.Itisoneproductoflanguagecontactandplaysanimportantpartintheevolutionoflanguage.ItpromotestheEuropeanizationoftheChinesegrammarandenrichesthevocabularyandexpressionsoftheEnglishlanguage.［Keywords］ChinesePidginEnglish,languagecontact,linguistic[WTBZ]I.IntroductionItisprobablethatonelanguagecomesintocontactwithotherlanguagesbymanykindsofmeanssuchasculturalexchanges,migrationsandwars,etc.Whenmanylanguagesmeeteachotherinthesamecountryorarea,suchkindof“contact”willbecomemorefrequentandfinallybringforthsomeresults.Pidginisjustoneproductofthese“contacts”.PidginEnglishofChinaisavarietyoftheEnglishlanguage.Infact,itrepresentstheglobalexpansionoftheEnglishculture.ButitisalsothelocalizationoftheEnglishlanguage.ItcameintobeingintheopenedportsofoldChina(suchasthecityofGuangzhouinCantonProvince)andwasgreatlyaffectedbythepronunciation,rulesandexpressionsofChineselanguage.Therefore,itisinternationalaswellaslocal.Asanimportantculturalphenomenon,ChinesePidginEnglishhasbecomeonefocusoflinguisticstudies.Thestudyofitsinfluencescanhelppeoplehaveabetterunderstandingofthelawoflanguagecontact,languageevolutionandlanguagelearning.Ⅱ.TheInfluencesofChinesePidginEnglishBothChineselanguageandEnglishlanguagearegreatlyaffectedbyChinesePidginEnglishwhichhasbeenbornoutbyafamousanalysisbyJosephR.LevensontotheeffectthatthroughChinesePidginEnglish,theWestchangedthelanguageofChina,whileChinaenrichedthevocabularyoftheWest.\[1\]1392.1TheinfluenceofpidginEnglishontheChineselanguageInthe19thcenturyworld,EnglishwasafarmoreinfluentiallanguagethanChinese.AsavarietyoftheEnglishlanguage,ChinesePidginEnglishhasexertedgreaterinfluencesonChinesethanonEnglish,revealingthemselvesrespectivelyinvocabularyandingrammar.TheChineselanguageischangedtosomeextent.Ontheonehand,ChinesePidginEnglishenlargedtheChinesevocabularyintwoaspects.Firstly,asthepopularizationofChinesePidginEnglish,theexpressionsoflocaldialectsoftheChineselanguageareenriched.Forinstance,“shit”isaslangwordwhichmeans“faeces”,“contemptibleperson”or“nonsense”.InChinesePidginEnglish,itwastransliteratedas“噱头”.Todaytheexpression“噱头”arestillusedbymanypeopleintheirdailylife,thoughitsmeaningissomewhataltered(nowitusuallymeansafraudortrick,orvulgarandfunnywordsoractions).AnotherexampleistheChinesephrase“瘪三”(whichmeans“beggars”).ThisphrasealsooriginatedfromChinesePidginEnglish.InoldShanghai,thereweremanybeggarsbeggingformoneyorfood.InChinesePidginEnglish,“begfor”wasspokenas“begsay”.Asthepronunciationof“begsay”issimilartothatof“瘪三”,lateron“beggars”werecalled“瘪三”bypeople.Secondly,somewordsandphrasesofChinesePidginEnglishbecamepartoftheofficiallanguageofChinanotonlyinverbalformbutalsoinwrittenform.Take“时髦”asanexample.Nowadays,“时髦”meansfashionableorstylish.ButactuallyitwasawordofChinesePidginEnglish.Itisthetransliterationoftheword“smart”accordingtoitspronunciationinShanghaidialect.TheChineseexpression“邋遢”canalsoserveasanexample.Asthetransliterationoftheword“litter”,“邋遢”isawordofChinesePidginEnglishwhichmeans“untidy”.ItisstillinuseinmodernChineseanditsmeaningremainsunchanged.TherearemanyotherwordsthatcanprovetheinfluencesofChinesePidginEnglishonthevocabularyoftoday’sofficiallanguageofChina,suchas“伦敦(London)”,“来富（复）枪(rifle)”,“巴士(bus)”,“三文治/三明治(sandwich)”,etc..\[2\]15Ontheotherhand,thoughChinesePidginEnglishwaslocalizedingrammar,itstillhadgreatinfluenceonthegrammaroftheChineselanguage.ItpromotedtheEuropeanizationoftheChinesegrammar.ThegrammarofClassicalChineseisverycomplexanddifficulttounderstandbycommonpeople.ChinesePidginEnglishbroughtinthemucheasierEnglishgrammar.Therefore,manyChineseintellectualslaunchedanEuropeanizationmovement,aimingatimprovingtheChinesegrammarbyadvocatingthegrammaroftheEnglishlanguage.Animportantalterationisthewordorder.Forexample,thesentence“古之人不余欺也。”(InClassicalChinese,theobjectwasusuallyplacedbeforeaverb.Here“余”istheobject,and“欺”istheverb.)maybechangedas“古人没有欺骗我啊。”(Here“欺骗”isaverb,and“我”istheobject.Sonowtheobjectisplacedafteraverb.).Gradually,theEuropeanizedgrammarwasacceptedbymostChinesepeople,andtheChineselanguagewassubjecttosomechanges.2.2TheinfluenceofpidginEnglishontheEnglishlanguageDuetodifferentlanguages,theforeignerswhocametoChinaatthattimefounditimpossibletocommunicatewiththeChinese,letalonegiveorderstoChineseservantsanddobusinesswithChinesecompradors.Accordingly,theseforeignershadtomakeconcessionsintheuseoftheirnativelanguage,whichcultivatedthesoilfortheinfluencesofChinesePidginEnglishonEnglish.JohnFryer,apreacherwhowasfamousfortranslatingbooksofwesterncountriesandteachingChinesepeopletolearnEnglish,oncecomplainedinalettertohisfamily:ThroughlivingsomuchamongChinamenIhaveacquiredallsortsoffunnyhabits,andspeakEnglishinawaythatwillaffordyoumuchamusementsomedayifeveryouseemeagaininEngland.Peoplewillconsidermeamosteccentricoldfellow.\[3\]43ItistruethatmanyforeignersbegantolearnanduseChinesePidginEnglishforonepurposeoranother.Withthelapseoftime,somewordsandphrasesenteredEnglish.Oneexampleisthephrase“sing-songg