2015-2016-名词解释+历史人物+名词翻译_1

1MajorTermsTheUnitedStatesofAmerica&theUnitedKingdom1.TheMississippi______ItisthemostimportantandlongestriverintheUS.Itflowsabout6400kmfromitsnorthwesternsourceintheRockiestotheGulfofMexico.TheMississippianditstributariesdrainoneoftherichestfarmareasintheworld.2.TheMeltingPot______ItmeansthattheUSiscomposedofimmigrantsfromdifferentnationsallovertheworld.3.WASPs______ItstandsforWhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestants.TheyarethemainstreamofAmericanswhoarethedescendentsoftheearlyEnglishsettlers.4.IndianReservations______ItisalandmanagedbyanativeAmericantribeundertheUnitedStatesDepartmentoftheInterior’sBureauofIndianAffairs.5.Jamestown______ThefirstpermanentcolonyestablishedbytheEnglishin1607.6.NewEngland______thenortheasterncorneroftheUnitedStates,includingthepresentstatesofMaine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIslandandConnecticut.ItwasoncethechiefcenteroftheAmericanWarofIndependence.Nowitisahighlyindustrializedarea.7.TheMayflower______TheMayflowerhasafamouspositioninAmericanhistoryasasymbolofearlyEuropeancolonization.WiththeirreligionoppressedbytheChurchofEngland,intheautumnof1620,102peoplesailedtotheNewWorldinashipnamedthe“Mayflower”.LateinDecember,theMayflowerfinallylandedinwhatisnowPlymouth,Massachusetts.8.ThanksgivingDay______itisanannualone-dayholidaytogivethanksattheconclusionoftheharvestseason.TheUnitedStatescelebratesThanksgivingonthefourthThursdayofNovember.9.DeclarationofIndependence______TheUnitedStatesDeclarationofIndependenceisastatementadoptedbytheContinentalCongressonJuly4,1776,whichannouncedthatthethirteenAmericancoloniesshouldbefreeandindependentstates.ItwasdraftedbyThomasJefferson.10.BillofRights______TheBillofRightsisthecollectivenameforthefirsttenamendmentstotheUnitedStatesConstitution.TheBillofRightsisaseriesoflimitationsonthepoweroftheUnitedStatesfederalgovernment,protectingthenaturalrightsoflibertyandpropertyincludingfreedomofreligion,freedomofspeech,afreepress,freeassembly,andfreeassociation,aswellastherighttokeepandbeararms.Inaddition,theBillofRightsreservesforthepeopleanyrightsnotspecificallymentionedintheConstitutionandreservesallpowersnotspecificallygrantedtothefederalgovernmenttothepeopleortheStates.11.TheLouisianaPurchase______TheacquisitionbytheUnitedStatesofAmericaof2,147,000km2France'sclaimtotheterritoryofLouisianain1803.TheU.S.paid$11,250,000pluscancellationofdebtsworth$3,750,000,foratotalsumof15milliondollarsfortheLouisianaterritory($219millionin2010dollars).12.GettysburgAddress______AspeechbyLincolnonNov.19,1863afterthenorthernvictoryatGettysburg.Thespeechwasconsideredunimportantatthetime,buthascometobeviewedbytheAmericansasoneofthemostsignificantexpressionsofAmericandemocracy.13.EmancipationProclamation______AnexecutiveorderissuedbyUnitedStatesPresidentAbrahamLincolnonJanuary1,1863,duringtheAmericanCivilWarunderhiswarpowers.Itproclaimedthefreedomof3.1millionofthenation's4millionslaves,andimmediatelyfreed50,000ofthem,withtherestfreedasUnionarmiesadvanced.14.Carpetbagger----DerogatorysoutherntermforthenorthernerswhocametotheSouthaftertheCivilWartotakepartinreconstruction.15.Scalawags：theSouthernerswhosupportedradicalreconstructionandbecamemembersoftheRepublicanParty.TheywereconsideredtraitorsbytheDemocratsandcametobecalledScalawags,a2populartermatthattimemeaningroguesorscoundrels.16.KuKluxKlan______RacistterroristorganizationintheU.S.organizedbyveteransoftheConfederatearmy,firstasasocialclubandthenasasecretmeansofresistingReconstructionandrestoringwhitedominationovernewlyenfranchisedblacks.17.TheGildedAge______AtermreferringtosubstantialgrowthinpopulationintheUnitedStatesandextravagantdisplaysofwealthandexcessofAmerica'supper-classduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionera,inthelate19thcentury(1865-1901).ModernAmerica’sformativeperiod,whenanagrariansocietyofsmallproducerswastransformedintoanurbansocietydominatedbyindustrialcorporations.18.OpenDoorPolicy______ItisastatementofU.S.foreignpolicytowardChina.IssuedbyU.S.secretaryofstateJohnHay(1899),thestatementreaffirmedtheprinciplethatallimperialistpowersshouldhaveequalaccesstoanyChineseportopentotrade.19.BigStickPolicy______AformofhegemonyandwastheslogandescribingU.S.PresidentTheodoreRoosevelt’scorollarytotheMonroeDoctrine.ThetermoriginatedfromtheAfricanproverbSpeaksoftlyandcarryabigstick;youwillgofar.Theideaofnegotiatingpeacefully,simultaneouslythreateningwiththebigstick,orthemilitary.20.trust______Acombinationoffirmsorcorporationsforthepurposeofreducingcompetitionandcontrollingpricesthroughoutanindustry.21.HomesteadActof1862______Lawpassedbycongressin1862promisingownershipof160acresofpubliclandtoanycitizenwholivedonandcultivatedthelandforfiveyears.22.Vetopower______ThepoweroftheUSPresidenttounilaterallystopanofficialaction,especiallyenactmentofapieceoflegislation.23.Apartyplatform______Alsoknownasamanifesto,isalistoftheactionswhichapoliticalpartysupportsinordertoappealtothegeneralpublicforthepurposeofhavingsaidparty'scandidatesvotedintooffice.Thisoftentakestheformofalistofsupportfor,oroppositionto,controversialtopics.Indivi