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AStoryofChina,PastandPresent讲讲中国的过去和现在The2005NSWHistoryAwardsAddress在新南威尔士州历史奖颁奖仪式上的致辞Sydney,14November2005悉尼,2005年11月14日(上)IwanttostartbysayinghowimpressedIambytheseriousnesswithwhichAustraliansapproachhistory.IneverystateandcityIvisit,thereisalwaysamuseum—ormanyofthem—recordinglocalhistory.EvenatPortArthurgreatcareistakeninpreservingoneofthedarkestperiodsoftheexiles.InAustralia,historyisnotonlystoredinmuseums,butalsoapresenceindailylife.InAdelaide,forinstance,almosteverybodycantellhowthecitywasoriginallydesignedwithextraordinaryforesightandimaginationandhowitgrewoverthemanyyears.首先,我想说的是,澳大利亚人对待历史的认真态度给我留下了非常深刻的印象。我所到过的每一个州、每一座城市都有一座或者好几座博物馆记录着当地的历史,就连亚瑟港最黑暗的流放史也被悉心地保存了下来。在澳大利亚,历史不仅收存于博物馆内,也存在于日常的生活中。比如,在阿德莱德,几乎每个人都能讲述这座城市最初设计者富有想象力和前瞻性的规划,以及这座城市不断变化成长的历史。InChinaweoftensay,historyisamirrorforourguidance.Forus,Chinesehistoryissolongandmultifacetedthatitleavesuswithmanymemories,sometimesgloriousandsometimespainful.我们中国人常说,以史为镜,可以知兴替。中国的历史漫长而复杂,留下许许多多的回忆,既有辉煌的过去,也有伤痛的往昔。Xi’an,thecapitalofShaanxiProvince,togetherwithAthens,RomeandCairo,areregardedasthefourmajorancientcapitalsoftheworld.Ithasahistoryofover3,000years,withthirteendynastieshavingtheircapitalsthereoveraperiodofabout1,100years.InancienttimesXi’anwascalledChang’an,whichmeans,literally,longlastingpeaceandsecurity.ThecitywitnessedmanymajoreventsinChina’shistory.Everybrick,everyobjectunearthedinthathistoriccitycantellusafascinatingstory.TheShaanxiHistoryMuseumtherehasacollectionofover370,000items.陕西省省会西安与雅典、罗马、开罗并称世界四大古都,有3000多年的历史,曾有13个朝代在此定都,绵延约1100年。西安古名为长安,字面意思为“长久的和平与安定”。这座历史古城见证过中国许多重大的历史事件,这里出土一砖一瓦都能向我们讲述一个精彩的故事,位于西安的陕西历史博物馆藏品超过37万件。ThePalaceMuseum(ForbiddenCity)inBeijingfeaturesmorethan1,000,000historicalrelics,withmorethan30,000piecesofjadeware,40,000ancientpaintings,350,000ancientpiecesofporcelains,and15,000piecesofbronzeware.Morethan10,000itemsdatebacktoagesbeforeChrist.Thecollectionissorichthatonly20,000itemsareondisplaynowThepalaceitselfisChina’slargestnationaltreasure.北京故宫博物院(紫禁城)内珍藏了100多万件历史文物,包括3万多件玉器、4万卷古画、35万件古瓷以及1.5万尊青铜器,其中有1万多件的历史可以追溯到公元前。故宫中的藏品非常丰富,目前展出的只是其中的2万件,故宫建筑本身就是中国最大的国宝。Inourdynastichistory,theimperialorderwasbuiltonthelegitimacyofthepowerofemperors,whowieldedabsolutepowerasthe“SonofHeaven.”Onecanfindinourhistoryanalmostneverendingcyclefromstabilitytochaosandfromboomtobust.Therulingorderwasconstantlystrengtheneddynastyafterdynasty,untilitbecamesosophisticatedandconsolidatedthatnoattemptsatreformcouldshakeitloose.Buddingcapitalismandmoderneconomicpracticescouldhardlyelbowtheirwaytothemainstream.From221BC,whenQinShiHuang,thefirstemperor,unitedthewarringstates,totheendofthelastemperor’srulein1912,Chinahadover20dynastiesandmorethan400emperors,onlyoneofthemfemale.在中国历史上,王朝以皇权为中心,皇帝以天子自居,拥有至高无上的权力。中国历史呈现出从安定到动乱、由盛入衰、周而复始的循环。随着朝代更迭交替,统治体系越来越发达,越来越稳固,虽经过多次改革,仍然难以撼动其根基,资本主义萌芽和现代经济活动难以成为主流。从公元前221年秦始皇统一六国到1912年末代皇帝退位,中国历经了二十多个朝代,产生了四百多位帝王,其中只有一位女性。Theyearsbetween1840and1945wereaperiodoffrequentforeigninvasionsandgreatsuffering.Chinasufferedhundredsofinvasionsbyforeignpowersinacentury’stimeandwascompelledtosignhundredsofunequaltreaties.Morethanthreemillionkm2ofChineseterritorywaslost.从1840年到1945年,中国经历了一段饱受外国侵略的血泪史。一百多年的时间里,中国遭受了列强的数百次侵略,被迫签订了几百个丧权辱国的不平等条约,先后共失去三百多万平方公里土地。Chinahadtoomuchchaosandwars.Itsculturebloomedduringperiodsofprosperitybutwasalltoosoonruinedandevendestroyedbysocialupheavals.Thegreatestculturalcalamityinthemeantimeoccurredin1860whentheAnglo-FrenchforcesinvadedBeijingandperpetratedanappallingculturallootingrarelyseeninhumanhistory.YuanMingYuan,oneofthelargestimperialpalacesintheworld,themostmagnificentpalaceinBeijing,3.5millionm2largeandbuiltoveraperiodof150yearsbyfiveemperors,wassackedandthentorchedtosmokingruins.Hundredsofthousandsofculturalrelicswererobbed,manyofthemstillsittinginmuseumssuchastheBritishMuseumandtheFontainebleauPalace,andinprivatehandsacrossEuropeandAmerica.连绵的战火让中国人民饱受动荡之苦,社会的发展孕育出的文化繁荣,转眼就在社会的动荡中被破坏乃至毁灭。这期间最大的文化劫难发生在1860年,英法联军闯入北京,进行了人类历史上罕见的、骇人听闻的文化掠夺。圆明园,这座北京最辉煌的皇家园林,也是世界上最大的帝王宫苑之一,占地350万平方米,历经150年五代帝王的兴建,被劫掠一空后付之一炬。成千上万的文物遭劫掠,其中很多如今陈列在大英博物馆、枫丹白露宫以及欧美其他一些博物馆内,还有很多为私人收藏。AnothermajorlosshappenedduringWWII.FivecompleteskullsofPekingManexcavatedinthe1930sanddatingbackoverhalfamillionyearswereshippedoutofBeijingbecauseofsecurityconcerns,butwereinterceptedhalfwaybytheJapanesemilitaryandhaveneverbeenseenagain.另一个重大的损失发生在二战期间,20世纪30年代出土、有五十多万年历史的五个完整的“北京人”头骨出于安全考虑从北京转移,途中被日军截获,自此下落不明。Chinesearebornloversofthingsleftbehindbytheirforebears,thingsleftbehindbytheirforebears,regardlessofpoliticalorreligiousbeliefs.TherearemanymovingstoriesofChinesepeopleprotectingculturalrelicsduringwartimes.中国人自古以来就非常珍视祖先的遗物,这份珍视超越了政治立场和宗教派别,涌现出很多国人于战火中保护文物的动人故事。From1931to1945,ChinawasunderamassiveinvasionfromJapan.From1933onwards,agroupofChinesesoldiersandcivilianscarriedoutanunprecedentedmissiontopreserveChineseculturalrelics.TheybravedJapaneseairraidsandmovedover30,000cratesofpreciousculturalrelicstothehomefrontofSichuanProvince.Afterthewar,thetreasureswereshippedbacktoBeijingandNanjing.Itisnothingshortofamarvelthatdes
本文标题:大师的演讲录
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