非洲爪蟾在生态毒理学研究中的应用概述和实验动物质量控制

51820064(,,100085.*,E-mail:[e-mail]),,.,,.,,.,,.,.,.,..80%[1,2].,,[3,4],.[5,6].,.,,..,..1(SouthAfricanClawedtoad,Xenopuslaevis),,,,[7].,()().,,.,,1998(NIH).,,XenopusExpress,XenopusI,NASCO,ElevageNationalDeXenopus.:(1),.,,.,..,.51820064874(2),(HCG).500~1000HCG300~500HCG.,,,3.,.(3)1.3mm,,,,.2050JohnGurdon,[8][9,10][11,12][13]DNA[14,15][16][17].Brown[18].(4),,.NieuwkoopFaber66(stage),[7].,.,3d,.,[19][20],[21][22][23][24][25].(5),,,/()()[26~29].,,.,[30].,,[31,32].(6)mRNA(mRNA),[33,34].[35,36].[18].2,,.:(1),..[37].1997[38].[39].,.(FrogEm-bryoTeratogenesisAssay—Xenopus,FETAX)[40].(2)[41].ZW/ZZ,ZW,ZZ,[42].,,[43].,.,[44~47].,[45].,().,,.51820064(3)(TH)..,,,[48,49].,,,,.,..,.,,.(endocrinedisruptorscreeningandtestingadvisorycommittee,EDSTAC)1).[50,51].(4),.[52~55]..:,.(5),,..Kloas,1999,:[44,56].,Kloas(),.Hayes.,.2002[45],[57].,,,[51,58,59].FortFETAX,[60~62].X.tropicalisFETAX,[63]..,..,.1999.,,[46,47]2~4).3.,..1)U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.EndocrineDisruptorScreeningandTestingAdvisoryCommittee(EDSTAC):FinalReport.Washing-ton,19982).-.,20023)..,20044)..,200451820064.,.3.1,150~250mg/L(CaCO3),3µg/L,pH6.5~8.5,5mg/L,.,,.,70%~80%,80%,80%,.,..,.3.2,XenopusExpress,Xeno-pusI,NASCO,NASCO().,,[64~66]..,.,,.,,.,.,()..,..,..85%,.,.,,,().,,,,.,...,,.,16(a),,;(b),(c),,(b),(*),(c)876[45,58,67,68].,.,.4,,;,,.(:20377044,20437020)(:2003AA646010)(:2003CB415005).1PeschB,BruningT,Frentzel-BeymeR,etal.Challengestoenvi-ronmentaltoxicologyandepidemiology:wheredowestandandwhichwaydowego?ToxicolLett,2004,151(1):255266[DOI]2NeubertD.Reproductivetoxicology:thesciencetoday.TeratogCarcinogMutagen,2002,22(3):159174[DOI]3ColbornT.Endocrinedisruptionoverview:aremalesatrisk?AdvExpMedBiol,2004,545:1892014HoyerPB.Reproductivetoxicology:currentandfuturedirections.BiochemPharmacol,2001,62(12):15571564[DOI]5ChapmanPM.Integratingtoxicologyandecology:puttingtheecointoecotoxicology.MarPollutBull,2002,44(1):715[DOI]6BoudouA,RibeyreF.Aquaticecotoxicology:fromtheecosystemtothecellularandmolecularlevels.EnvironHealthPerspect,1997,105(Suppl1):21357NieuwkoopPD,FaberJ.NormalTableofXenopuslaevis(Daudin).Amsterdam:North-Hollad,19568PhilpottA,YewPR.TheXenopuscellcycle:anoverview.Meth-odsMolBiol,2005,296:951129BementWM,SokacAM,MandatoCA.Four-dimensionalimag-ingofcytoskeletaldynamicsinXenopusoocytesandeggs.Dif-ferentiation,2003,71(9-10):518527[DOI]10MandatoCA,BementWM.ActomyosintransportsmicrotubulesandmicrotubulescontrolactomyosinrecruitmentduringXenopusoocytewoundhealing.CurrBiol,2003,13(13):10961105[DOI]11JessusC,OzonR.HowdoesXenopusoocyteacquireitscompe-tencetoundergomeioticmaturation?BiolCell,2004,96(3):187192[DOI]12MartinezSE,YuanL,LaczaC,etal.XGefmediatesearlyCPEBphosphorylationduringXenopusoocytemeioticmaturation.MolBiolCell,2005,16(3):11521164[DOI]13SigelE,MinierF.TheXenopusoocyte:systemforthestudyoffunctionalexpressionandmodulationofproteins.MolNutrFoodRes,2005,49(3):228234[DOI]14YangH,ZhouJ,OchsRL,etal.Down-regulationofRNAhelicaseII/Guresultsinthedepletionof18and28SrRNAsinXenopusoocyte.JBiolChem,2003,278(40):3884738859[DOI]15YagiY,OgawaraD,IwaiS,etal.DNApolymerasesetaandkappaareresponsibleforerror-freetranslesionDNAsynthesisactivityoveracis-synthyminedimerinXenopuslaevisoocyteextracts.DNARepair(Amst),2005,4(11):12521269[DOI]16AnantharamA,LewisA,PanaghieG,etal.RNAinterferencere-vealsthatendogenousXenopusMinK-relatedpeptidesgovernmammalianK+channelfunctioninoocyteexpressionstudies.JBiolChem,2003,278(14):1173911745[DOI]17RauhNR,SchmidtA,BormannJ,etal.CalciumtriggersexitfrommeiosisbytargetingtheAPC/CinhibitorXErp1fordegradation.Nature,2005,437(7061):10481052[DOI]18BrownDD.AtributetotheXenopuslaevisoocyteandegg.JBiolChem,2004,279(44):4529145299[DOI]19WeaverC,KimelmanD.Moveitorloseit:axisspecificationinXenopus.Development,2004,131(15):34913499[DOI]20ShookDR,MajerC,KellerR.Patternandmorphogenesisofpre-sumptivesuperficialmesodermintwocloselyrelatedspecies,XenopuslaevisandXenopustropicalis.DevBiol,2004,270(11):163185[DOI]21LaneMC,SheetsMD.FatemappinghematopoieticlineagesintheXenopusembryo.MethodsMolMed,2005,105:13714822JonesEA.Xenopus:aprinceamongmodelsforpronephrickidneydevelopment.JAmSocNephrol,2005,16(2):313321[DOI]23IkuzawaM,ShimizuK,YasumasuS,etal.Thyroidhor-mone-inducedexpressionofabZip-containingtranscriptionfactoractivatesepithelialcellproliferationduringXenopuslar-val-to-adultintestinalremodeling.DevGenesEvol,2006,216(3):109118[DOI]24DeRobertisEM,KurodaH.Dorsal-ventralpatterningandneuralinductioninXenopusembryos.AnnuRevCellDevBiol,2004,20:285308[DOI]25JohnstonJ,ChanR,Calderon-SeguraM,etal.TherolesofBcl-xLinmodulatingapoptosisduringdevelopmentofXenopuslaevis.BMCDevBiol,2005,5:20[DOI]26MarinML,TobiasML,KelleyDB.Hormone-sensitivestagesinthesexualdifferentiationoflaryngealmusclefibernumberinXenopuslaevis.Development,1990,110(3):70371127HuZ,LelievreV,TamJ,etal.Molecularcloningofgrowthhor-mone-releasinghormone/pituitaryadenylylcyclase-activatingpolypeptid