计算语言学讲义打印稿(10)形式语法理论I

[e-mail]2002~20032003.22003.6I2•••••••22003.22003.6I31••“”“”•2003.22003.6I42•–––32003.22003.6I53•––•••––2003.22003.6I61•9999942003.22003.6I72•9999992003.22003.6I83–——•……•……–——•……•……52003.22003.6I94•–•……•……2003.22003.6I101•––––••62003.22003.6I112•–––––2003.22003.6I123•||||||||•||||||||||||||||||||||||72003.22003.6I134•••2003.22003.6I145•82003.22003.6I151•––––•–––2003.22003.6I162•–––•––––92003.22003.6I173•–PATRII–G–2003.22003.6I181•–1957SyntacticStructure.TheHague:Moutong&Co.–1965AspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax,MITPress–1981LecturesonGovernmentandBinding.Foris,Dordrecht–1992AMinimalistProgramforLinguisticsTheory,MITOccasionalPapersinLinguistics,#1102003.22003.6I192•——––––••2003.22003.6I203•–“performance”“”–“competence”“”112003.22003.6I211Themanopenedthedoor.Thedoorwasopenedbytheman.2003.22003.6I222•–theshootingofthehunters1Somebodyshootthehunters.2Thehuntersshootsomething.–Themanopenedthedoor.1Themanopenedthedoor.2Thedoorisopenedbytheman.3Didthemanopenthedoor?122003.22003.6I233•–movementXYÆYXNPVP–copyXÆXX–insertionXÆXYby–deletionXYÆX2003.22003.6I241SDSDSyntacticDescription132003.22003.6I252•1971“”“”pp.1161Σ=(P1,…,Pi,…,Pn)PiPnSPSPiPPn2003.22003.6I263DC142003.22003.6I274•SÆNPPredicate-PhrasePredicate-PhraseÆAuxVP(place)(time)VPÆCopula-PredicateVPÆV(NP)(Prep-Phrase)(Prep-Phrase)VPÆV(Manner)VPÆVS’VPÆVPredicate2003.22003.6I285•PredicateÆAdjectivePredicateÆ(like)predicate-nominalPrep-PhraseÆDirection,Duration,Place,FrequencyNPÆ(Det)N(S)AuxÆTense(M)(Aspect)DetÆ(Pre-Articleof)Article(Post-Article)MannerÆbyPassive152003.22003.6I296•C,D–D–CComplexSymbolsboyD:/boi/C:/+N,+Count,+Common,+Animate,+Human/2003.22003.6I307•SubcategorizationRule••–StrictSubcategorizationRule)–SelectionalRule162003.22003.6I318•[+Det——]Æ[±Count][+Count——]Æ[±Animate][+Animate——]Æ[±Human][-Count]Æ[±Abstract]ArticleÆ[±Definite]2003.22003.6I329•eat,[+V,+—NP]elapse,[+V,+—#]grow,[+V,+—NP,+—#,+—Adjective]become,[+V,+—Adjective,+—Predicate-Nominal]seem,[+V,+—Adjective,+—likePredicate-Nominal]look,[+V,+—(Prepositional-Phrase)#,+—Adjective,+—likePredicate-Nominal]believe,[+V,+—NP,+—thatS’]persuade,[+V,+—NP(ofDetN)S’]172003.22003.6I3310•[+Abstract]Aux——Det[+Animate]frightenÆCS/9Sinceritymayfrightentheboy.Theboymayfrightensincerity.2003.22003.6I3411SNPPredicate-phraseDetNArticleAuxVPTensepastVNPDetNArticle+N+Det—+Count+Animate……+V+—NP+Animate—……+Definite+Definite+N+Det—……182003.22003.6I3512•triggeringelement–Q–Neg–Imp–PassiveImpyouwriteitÆwriteit•2003.22003.6I36•–P1,……,PiPi–Pi,……,PnPn–PnÆ–PiPnÆ•–Notmanyarrowshitsthetarget.–Manyarrowsdidn’thitthetarget.192003.22003.6I371•tracePXYPXt•–Beaversbuiltdams.–Damsiarebuilttibybeavers.coreference2003.22003.6I382•–wanttowannaWhodoyouwannawintheelection?9Whydoyouwannawintheelection?–wanttoWh–Whoidoyouwanttitowintheelection?•202003.22003.6I391•“”2003.22003.6I402•X-Theory•θ-Theory•CaseTheory•GovernmentTheory•BindingTheory•ControlTheory•BoundingTheory212003.22003.6I4132003.22003.6I424222003.22003.6I435•“αMoveα”•α2003.22003.6I441•XX-barX……XXXCompSpecXXXComplementSpecifierXÆXXÆX232003.22003.6I452NNNPPPDetVVVPNPφ2003.22003.6I463INFLIIPVPNPCCCPIPφIP=S:SentenceINFL:inflectionC:ComplementizerCP:ComplementizerPhrase242003.22003.6I4741.endocentric2.SpecX-barXPCompXX-barXX3.DSpecX-barCompXX4.DXXnXn-1Xn5.2003.22003.6I48•••252003.22003.6I491•••2003.22003.6I502•dominateXYXY•c-commandXYXYXYXY•governmentXYXXY262003.22003.6I513NP1VPVNP2NP2VNP1VNP2NmanQPAPSNP1V’VNP2N’hitNJohnVPQPQ’QtheN’APmanA’AfatN2003.22003.6I521••–argumentθ-role–272003.22003.6I532•kill“”“”run“”•TheygoJohn.John“”go“”•“”“”2003.22003.6I541•••GoverningCategoryXSNPYNPXYXY282003.22003.6I552a)b)c)myselfyourselfeachotherhe,himthemanjohn2003.22003.6I563•–“”“”“”–“”“”“”“”•JohnwantsTomtocriticizehimself.–“himself”“Tom”“John”–TomhimselfJohn•–“”“”“”“”–“”“”“”“”–“”a)292003.22003.6I57•PROPRO•PRO•PROPRO“”“”2003.22003.6I58•SNP302003.22003.6I59•••Johnbelievehimselftobethekingofsamoa•