非谓语动词(不定式)(1)

AdvancedEnglishGrammar非谓语动词(不定式）左雁北京物资学院外语学院分词,动名词和不定式统一称为非谓语动词，除了谓语不能做以外，其他的都可以做。概述：I.Infinitive1．不定式的形式主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行式tohavebeendoing2．不定式的句法功能1）作主语•Tocompletethe24-storiedbuildingin10monthswasagreatachievement.•Tobeagoodteacherrequirespatience.不定式作主语时，常用it放在句首代替不定式，而将不定式移到谓语后面。有时用“介词for/of+代词/名词”表示不定式的逻辑主语：•Itisimportantforyoutouseyourtimewisely.•Itwasbraveofhimtodivefromthecliff.•(用在第二类句子中作主语补语的形容词有：brave,careful,careless,cowardly,cruel,foolish,generous,good,honest,kind,nice,rude,selfish,silly,stupid,thoughtful,wise,wrong等)•练习一：用“for/of+代词/名词+不定式”结构改写下面的句子：•Hewasthoughtfultobringustheraincoat.•Itisallrightthattheyleavenow.•Itisimpossiblethatheshouldwriteaneatpaper.•Heiswrongnottopreparehislessons..2）作宾语a)动词+不定式，能带不定式的动词有：afford,agree,ask,attempt,beg,begin,bother,care,choose,claim,decide,demand,desire,dislike,expect,fail,fear,forget,hate,help,hesitate,intend,learn,like,love,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prefer，want,wish等•Wehopetohavemoreopportunitiestotalkwithnativespeakers.•Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.b)动词+wh-词+不定式，能以这种结构作宾语的动词还有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder等•Theyaskedhowtogettotherailwaystation.•Haveyoudecidedwhethertogoforanouting?3)作宾语补语•HechallengedAnntoracehimtotheschool.•Weshouldgethimtoseeadoctor.a)动词+名词/代词+不定式，能带这种结构作宾语补语的动词有：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,find,force,hate,inform等•有些动词后面的不定式不带to:feel,have,hear,help,let,make,notice,see,etc.b)动词+it+形容词/名词+不定式，能带这种结构作宾语补语的动词还有：consider,judge,make等•Hefeelsitchallengingtobeasupermarketmanager.•ProfessorRobinsonfounditrewardingtobeateacher.c)动词+名词/代词+tobe…/tohave…，•TheyappointedProfessorJohnsontobethepresidentoftheuniversity.•Webelievehimtohavethebestcollectionofstampsinthecountry.•注：这种结构多用于正式文体，在口语或非正式文体中常用宾语从句4）做定语a)由only,last,next序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。•Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice.我认为他不是最胜任这项工作的人。•Idon’tthinkheisthebestmantodothejob.b)不定式常用作下列名词/代词的定语：ability,ambition,anything,attempt,capability,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,nothing,opportunity等•Anythingtodowiththesuniscalled“solar”.•Ihavenodesiretotravel.•Thereisnoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.5）作状语a)表目的•TodohisworkEinsteinneededonlyapenandapadofpaper.•Mothersavedeverycentshecouldsparetopayformyschooling.b)表结果•Johnlefthishometowntenyearsago,nevertoreturn.•Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.c)表原因•Hewasoverjoyedtohearthenews.改错练习：Thewaterisunfittodrinkit.Anniseasytogetalongwithher.（注一：上述两句中的不定式不能再带宾语）Tosavemoney,thebuswastakeninsteadoftheplane.（注二：作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。）Tosavemoney,wetookthebusinsteadoftheplane.注：某些状语的不定式短语的含义相当于一个条件句。•Tospeakfrankly,Idon’tlikeyourattitude.(=IfImayspeakfrankly)•TogetbacktowhatIwassaying,womenshouldmakeuptheirmindswhattheywantinlife.(=IfIamtogetbacktowhatIwassaying)判断下列句中的不定式作状语，是表目的，结果还是原因:•Shewepttohearthenews.•Shewepttogetsympathy.•Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgone.•Hearrivedlatetoavoidthequiz.•Hereturnedtogethisraincoat.•Hereturnedtohearthathisneighborhadmovedout.3．不定式的进行式，完成式和被动语态1）不定式的进行式：不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。•Iamgladtobeworkingwithyou.2）不定式的完成式a)不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。•Itisnicetohavetalkedtoyou.•Iamsorrytohavetakenupsomuchofyourtime.b)在shouldlike/wouldlike/love等结构后面，以及在表示“打算”，“计划”等含义的过去时动词后面，用不定式的完成体可以表示过去未实现的动作。•I’dliketohavegonewithyouonyourhikelastweekend.•Iwishedtohavereadthestory.Everyonesaiditwasawonderfulstory.3）不定式的被动态a)当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动语态。•Shedoesn’tliketobetreatedasaguest.•Tobeinvitedtospeakhereisagreathonor.b)不定式的主动语态有时也有被动含义，有时意义完全相同，有时有所区别。•Iamnottoblame.•Thereisnotimetolose/tobelost.•Mytyreispunctured.Thereisnothingtobedone.Ihavetowalkhome.•Couldyougetmesomethingtoread?Ihavenothingtodo.4．too…to;enough…to及其变体的意义1）too…to中的不定式有否定意义，表示“太…不能”。•Theparcelwastoolargetocomebyletterpost.•Shespoketoofastforustofollow.2）enough…to有肯定意义，表示“足够…能”，类似的结构有notenough…to，表示“不够…不能”•Thehallisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.•Shespokeslowenoughforeveryonetounderstand.•变否定3）too…to变体的意义a)not/nevertoo…to表示肯定的意思•Iamnottoobusytocome.•Wearenevertoooldtolearn.b)too…notto表示肯定的意思•Heistoosmartnottoseeyourpoint.c)but/onlytoo表示肯定的意思•Weareonlytoohappytohaveyouwithus.d)tooready/eagerto表示“时刻准备”或“急于”；tooapt/inclinedto表示“易于”•Weareonlytooreadytoapplytoothersthecoldwindofcriticism.•Heistooinclinedtobecheated.5.不带to的不定式1）用于feel,have,let,listento,lookat,make,notice,see,watch等动词后面作宾语补语时。•Fatherhadmymotherwashthecaryesterday.•Shemademesitatthetable.注：当动词see,make,hear用于被动语态时，不定式要保留to。•Wasanyoneseentogoout?•Iwasmadetofeelatease.2）在hadbetter和wouldrather后面时。•Ifyouwanttosavemoney,you’dbettergotothecampusbookstoretogetusedtextbooks.•Wouldyouratherdrivethereorgobybus?3）help后面的不定式可以不带to,也可以保留to。•Hehelpedme(to)mowthelawn.4）•Ratherthangobybus,hewalkstohisofficeeveryday.•Hewalkstohisofficeeverydayratherthan(to)gobybus.rather/soonerthan位于句首时不带to，位于句末时可带可不带。5）在except/but后面。•Hesaidhewoulddoanythingexceptcook.•Imissedthelastbus.Icoulddonothingbutstayinthevil