语法-Grammar-虚拟语气&定语从句

用于强调怀疑或不可能，动作只在讲话人想象的“假设”中发生，而不是存在的客观事实。Ifhecamehere,Iwouldaskhim谓语动词使用虚拟语气时间从句主句与现在事实相反动词过去式Would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反动词的过去完成时Would/should/could/might+have+动词过去分词将来实现的可能性很小1.动词的过去式2.Were+不定式3.Should+动词原形Would/should/could/might+动词原形IfIweretalkingtomyboss,Iwouldprobablysay“Ireallyenjoysoccer”.IfIhadgotthereearlier,Ishould/couldhavemether.Ifheweretocomeheretomorrow,Ishould/wouldtalktohim.当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即将were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。如：Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。①省略从句Hewouldhavefinishedit.Youcouldhavepassedthisexam.②省略主句IfIwereathomenow.IfonlyIhadgotit.1.由wish引起的宾语从句用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它后面的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为？用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它后面的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为？Wish用于表示对过去事实一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中谓语动词形式为？Iwishthathewerenotsolazy.W:Havingvisitedsomanycountries,youmustbeabletospeakseveraldifferentlanguages!M:IwishIcould.ButJapaneseand,ofcourseEnglisharetheonlylanguagesIcanspeak.IwishIhadn’tthrownawaythatreadinglist!2.虚拟语气用于asif/though引导的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish后的宾语从句形式相同例句：她对待我们就像对待自己的孩子一样Shealwaystreatedusasifwewereherownchildren.例句：盐湖城的很多居民对此次逮捕事件非常气愤，他们说觉得别人就像对待一次性物品那样对待他们。ManyresidentsinLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.3.虚拟语气用来表达要求，建议，命令，提议，意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，其虚拟语气往往是“should(可省略)+动词原形”Ask,advise,arrange,beg,command,decide,demand,desire,determine,insist,intend,maintain,propose,order,prefer,require,recommend,suggest,stipulate,urge,vote,decree,pray…例句：这个人坚持让他女儿继续在理科方面的学习这就是怀特建议你首先跟你父母接触一下的原因那么我建议你参加技能课的学习Itis/was+adj.(动词过去分词)+that…Natural,appropriate,advisable,preferable,better,important,vital,probable,compulsory,crucial,desirable,essential,imperative,incredible,necessary,possible,strange,urgent例句：指派一位新校长到这所学校任命是件可喜的事Itis+名词+that…Advice,decision,desire,demand,idea,motion,order,pity,preference,proposal,recommendation,requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder例句：大家都同意市长颁布这个奖项的建议Part2：定语从句Attributiveclause定语从句（AttributiveClauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that－－这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他就是你想见的人吗Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。2)Whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）,例如：Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.Pleasepassmethebookwhose(ofwhich)coverisgreen.3）which,that－－它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中的作用？？？例如：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when,where,why－－关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用，例如：Thereareoccasionswhenonemustyield.BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhyherefusedouroffer？将以上三句变成介词+which形式2）that代替关系副词－－that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：Hisfatherdiedtheyear(that/when/inwhich)hewasborn.Heisunlikelytofindtheplace(that/where/inwhich)helivedfortyyearsago.方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIstayedlastyear.I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词1）Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.whichD.one2）Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语)。定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As位置比较灵活，which一般不用于句首。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.1）Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he2）Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,___wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it3）Itrainedhardyesterday,and____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.thatB.whichC.asD.it1)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.2)Theparentswillusewhatevertheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.1）what=thethingwhich；whatever=anythingthat____youwanthasbeensenthere._____youwantmakesnodifferencetome.2)who=thepersonthatwhoever=anyonewho练习：____breaksthelawwillbepunished.____robbedthebankisnotclear.当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词