初级中学英语语法资料(含讲义与练习题)

....第一讲名词和冠词一名词：世界上由万事万物构成的，这些事物各有名称，表示这些名称的名词叫作名词。名词的分类：专有名词和普通名词专有名词：表示具体的人名，事物，地名，机构和节日等名称的词称为专有名词。（专有名词开头第一个字母必须大写）①表示人：YangLiwei杨利伟Alice爱丽丝②表示事物：theChangjiangRiver长江December十二月③表示地名：Macao澳门NewYork纽约④表示节日:ChristmasDay圣诞节Children’sDay儿童节⑤表示机构：WTO世界贸易组织theUniversityofLondon伦敦大学普通名词：指一类人，事物，物质或抽象概念的名称。类别定义例词普通名词可数名词个体名词用来指单个人或者事物的名词。taxi出租车scientist科学家computer电脑集体名词用来指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。army军队police警察family警察class班级不可数名词物质名词用来指无法分为个体的物质，材料的名词。water水wind风glass玻璃steel钢铁抽象名词用来指人或事物的品质，情感，状态或动作等抽象概念的名词。honesty诚实love热爱silence安静life生活（一）名词的单复数形式：可数名词的单复数形式1.规则变化构成法例一般情况在词尾加-sshop-shopsdesk-desks以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词，在词尾加-esbus-busesbox-boxeswatch-watchesbrush--brushes以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词直接加-sface-faceshouse-housespage—pages以辅音字母+y结尾的词，y变成i再加-esbaby—babiescity—citiesfactory—factoriesstory--stories以辅音字母+o结尾的词，多数在词尾加-estomato—tomatoeshero—heroespotato—potatoes以元音字母+o结尾的词和某些以o结尾的外来词，加-sradio—radiosphoto—photospiano—pianoszoo--zoos以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v,加-es,少数不变，只在词尾加-slife—livesknife—kniveswife—wivesroof—roofs2.不规则变化⑴名词复数的特殊形式man—men,woman—women,policeman—policemen,Englishman—Englishmen,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,child—children,German—Germans....⑵有些名词的单复数形式同形Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep,fish⑶合成名词，只将其主题词变为复数形式girlstudent—girlstudentspencil-box—pencil-boxes⑷由man和woman构成的合成词，全部变成复数mandoctor—mendoctorswomanteacher---womenteachers⑸只有复数的名词trousers,glasses,thanks,clothes,goods,compasses,stairs,people,scissors,chopsticks⑹不可数名词的数量表达apieceofbread/meat;fivedropsofwater;sixbagsofrice;sevenpairsofshoes;eightbasketballofapples;ninepieceofnews课堂练习：A组：选择最佳答案1.Mrs.Lennygaveus______________onhowtolearnEnglishwell.A)someadvicesB)manyadvicesC)someadviceD)anadvice2.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmall_______________A)setB)oneC)pairD)copy3.Agroupof__________aretalkingabouttwo______________A)Frenchmans;GermenB)Germans;FrenchmansC)Frenchmen;GermansD)German;Frenchmen4.---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,girls?---______________,please.A)twocupofcoffeeB)twocupsofcoffeeC)twocupsofcoffeesD)twocupofcoffees5.Mymotherandmysisterareboth_____________________A)womanteachersB)womenteacherC)womanteacherD)womenteachers6.Weneedn’tbuyany__________.Therearemanyinthefridge.A)fruitB)milkC)meatD)eggs7.Howmany___________canyousee?A)milksB)aglassofmilkC)glassesofmilksD)glassesofmilk8.Ithinkmaths______________veryuseful.A)isB)areC)amD)be9.Thelittlebabyhastwo__________already.A)toothB)toothsC)teethD)teeths10.I’mthirsty,pleasemake_________forme.A)ateaB)acupofteaC)teasD)acupofteasB组：用所给词的正确形式填空1.Ihavetwo_________________(knife).2.Theycomefromdifferent_________________(country).3.The_________(meet)beginsat2:00intheafternoon.4.Wehavequitelotsofnice___________(photo).Letmeshowyousomeofthem.5.Howmany___________(foot)doesacathave?6.Therearemany___________(bus)ontheroad.7.Lookatthepicture,alionisrunningafteragroupof_____________(deer).8.Hereisabirthdaycardforyouwithourbest_____(wish).9.ChangjiangRiverisoneofthelongest______________(river)inChina.....10.ThestudentsinClass1areall__________________(Japan).C组：判断对错1.A:Myglassesisbroken.()B:Myglassesarebroken.()2.A:Iwanttobuytwopairsofshoes.()B:Iwanttobuytwoshoes.()3.A:Ineedafewink.().B:Ineedalittleink.()4.A:Don’teattoomuchmeat.()B:Don’teattoomuchmeats.()5.A:MayIborrowtworadioes?()B:MayIborrowtworadios?()(二)名词所有格：表示名词所属关系的一种形式1.单数名词的所有格，只需在词尾加’sJim’ssisterLucy’spen2.以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，只加’thestudents’bookTeachers’Day3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，应加’sChildren’sDayWomen’sDay4.表示几个人共有的东西，只需要在最后一个人的名词后面加’s,LucyandLily’sbedroom5.表示各自所有的，则每个名词都加’sLucy’sandLily’sdesks6.名词所有格常用省略式，省去被名词所有格修饰的名词atthedoctor’s7.“of+名词所有格”，通常作后置定语，这种结构通常指整体中的部分或一个afriendofmyfather’sthewindowoftheroomA组：选择最佳答案1.Tony’scarismorebeautifulthan_______________________.A)hisbrother’sandsisterB)hisbrotherandsisterC)hisbrothersandsistersD)hisbrotherandsister’s2.---Howlongdoesittaketogettothestation?---It’s____________walk.A)sixminute’sB)six-minutesC)sixminutes’D)sixminutes3.Theseare_____________bikes.A)JinandSam’sB)Jim’sandSamC)JimandSamD)Jim’sandSam’s4.Twelve__________werehurt,butno__________werelostintheaccident.A)person;lifeB)people;livesC)peoples;livesD)persons;life5.There’ssomethingimportantin_________________.A)paperoftodayB)todaynewspaper’sC)todaynewspaperD)today’snewspaper6.MissSmithisafriendof_______________A)Mary’smother’sB)Mary’smotherC)Marymother’sD)mother’sofMary7.Joanis_____________sister.A)MaryandJackB)Mary’sandJack’sC)Mary’sandJackD)MaryandJack’s8.Iwillgiveyou__________tofinishit.A)twoweek’stimeB)twoweektimeC)twoweeks’timeD)twoweekstime9.Thisisnotyourradio,but__________________A)yoursbrotherB)yourbrother’sC)youbrother’sD)yoursbrother’s10.Myschoolisabouttwenty__________walkfromhere?A)minuteB)minutes’C)minute’sD)minutes二冠词：英语中名词前常会出现a,an或the这三个词，用来说明名词所表示的人或事物，冠词是虚词，是名词的一种标志，它不能脱离名词独立存在，不能单独作句子成分。（一）不定冠词a;an1.不定冠词表示数量中的“一个”，但是数的概念没有one强烈。修饰单数可数名词。用来指人或物中的某一....个或某一类，但不具体说明何人何物。a用在辅音因素开头的词前，apen,ausefulbook;an用在以元音因素开头的词前，anapple,anhour,anhonestboy2.用在某些固定的短语中：inaminute,forawalk,haveagoodtime,havealook等（二）定冠词的用法1.特指说话双方都知道的人或事物。Lookattheblackboard.2.用在表示宇宙中独一无二的事物的名词前。thesun,themoon,theearth3.对前面已提到过的