大学英语四级-语法

大学英语四级-语法篇时态复习时态过去现在将来过去将来一般diddowill/shalldoshould/woulddo进行was/weredoingam/is/aredoingwill/shallbedoing/完成haddonehave/hasdonewill/shallhavedoneshould/wouldhavedone用于虚拟语气完成进行hadbeendoinghave/hasbeendoing//过去现在将来过去将来一般was/weregivenam/is/aregivenwill/shallbegivenshould/wouldbegiven进行was/werebeinggivenam/is/arebeinggiven//完成hadbeengivenhave/hasbeengivenwill/shallhavebeengivenshould/wouldhavebeengiven完成进行///时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成非谓语动词非谓语动词-不定式1)形式主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing完成进行式tohavebeendoinga)完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).(比较:Iamgladtoseeyou.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.b)进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式.Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.c)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.d)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.3)不带to的不定式:a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等,其后的不定式结构不带to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.（一顿咒骂）I’veheardtellofhim.（听说、听到）d)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?e)在介词except,but之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.f)连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.g)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.4)不定式的其他用法a)too…to结构通常表示否定意义:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so…as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容词(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.动名词具有动作性特征的名词1)是名词seeingisbelieving2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语一)动名词的形式:一般形式：Idon'tlikeyousmoking.完成形式：Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.被动形式：Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled.二)动名词常考的点1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.Iwouldappreciate_______backthisafternoon．A．youtocallB．youcallC．youcallingD．you'recalling（Key：Cyourcalling也对）Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.4)有些词后只能接动名词admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;itentails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feellike;finish;forgive;can'thelp;hinder;imagine;itinvolves;keep;itmeans;mention;mind;miss;itnecessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法it'snogood;it'sno/little/hardlyany/use;it'snot/hardly/scarcelyuse;it'sworthwhile;spendmoney/time;there'sno;there'snopointin;there'snothingworsethan;what'stheuse/point...5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可remember,forget,try,stop,goon,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。Irememberedtoposttheletters.(指未来/过去未来的动作)Irememberedposting/havingpostingtheletters(我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。Iregrettoinformyouthat…我很遗憾地通知你…Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears.为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness.try–ing试验Trypracticingfivehoursaday.Imeantogo,butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto.[打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.[意味着]赠加工