大学英语语法(英语专业必看)

1.NounIdentifytheuncountablenouns•1.Nounsthathavenodistinct,separateparts,welookasthewhole(气、液、固体)•2.Nounsthathavepartsthataretoosmallorinsignificanttocount(sandgrasshair)•3.Nounsthatareclassesorcategoriesofthings(food,clothing,money)P49•4.Nounsthatareabstraction(life,work,music)•5.Subjectsofstudy(history,math)不可数变可数三大规律•1.物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。•2.抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。•3.当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。物质名词/总称名词变可数•1.总称名词具体化•A:Wouldyoulikeacake?•B:No.Idon’tlikecake.•2.物质名词变意思•Ineedsomepaper./Iboughtapaper.•3.液体物质名词表数量•Twobeersandthreecoffees,please.抽象名词变可数•Art(anart)/beauty(abeauty)/youth(ayouth)•Eg.1.Youthisnotatimeoflife.Itisastateofmind.•2.WhenasachildIlaughedandwept–timecrept.•WhenasayouthIdreamedandtalked-timewalked.2ArticlesSpecificreference--the•1.特指是针对交际双方来说的•2.特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。•3.说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。•1.Situational/culturalreference•Eg.AlbertEinstein,thefamousphysicist.••2.textualco-reference—•anaphoricreference(前指）&•cataphoricreference（后指•1.generalknowledge(thesun,themoon,theNorthPole,theEquator,theuniverse,theRenaissance,thePope罗马教皇）•2.specificknowledge/localuse(let’sgotothelibrary)•3.immediatesituation(Therosesareverybeautiful.Canyoufindthepage?）不定冠词泛指与非泛指a/an+uncountablenoun•AwashingpowderI’vefoundtobeextremelygoodis“Tide”.（种类）•Ilikeabeerplease.（一杯）•Aglass/aniron（意变）Conditionswhen“one”isbetter•1.强调数量“一”时用one(oneonly),•C:whenwilltheybeready?A:theytakeaweek.C:Oneweek,right,thanks.•2.用于准确的对照数字•Twokilosofflourandonelitterofwater.•3.讲故事中用one,强调人或事作为将要讲到的话题•ThereisoneplacewegotowhichisaMexicanrestaurant,andtheyhadahappy•hourbetween5:30and7:30.Conditionswhen“a/an”isbetter•1.类指意义的”a/an”不能换”one”•Ashotgunisnogood.•2.表示度量的”a/an”不能换”one”•Therentis$100aweek.•3.表示数量的固定搭配”a/an”不能换”one”•Afew,agreatmany,alargenumberof用不用冠词的意义区别•1.家具生活类：at(the)table,in(the)bed•2.处所、建筑物或社会机构：goto(the)prison,in/at(the)church,in(the)hospital•3.关于上学：class,school,college,university,desk•4.关于sea:goto/at/by(the)sea•5.抽象总称意义与具体特指意义:time,red,day,place,question,etc使用冠词的场合•1.形容词或副词的最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词加名词连用时，一般用the.•Theonly/bestwaytocopewiththeproblem.•2.乐器、乐团、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the•TheBeatles/PhiladelphiaOrchestra/piano•3.the与姓氏连用•TheSmiths,theBushes其他不用冠词的场合•1.关于职业、身份或头衔•2.关于球类、棋类运动(不加冠词）•3.特殊名词(nature,society,history,man,space)•4.关于星期•5.关于四季•6.关于昼夜各阶段(by,at,after,before)•7.关于进餐(有adj则加the）•8.关于交通工具（by后不加，其他时候要加）•9.关于通讯工具（by后不加，其他时候要加）•10.平行结构•关于职业、身份或头衔1.独一无二头衔在表语位置•Johnis(the)captainoftheteam•2.独一无二头衔在主语补足语位置•HewaselectedPresidentthesecondtime.•3.独一无二头衔在宾语补足语位置•WeelectedHenrychairman.•4.独一无二头衔在同位语位置•ElizabethII,QueenofEngland特殊名词•Ifyoudestroynatureyou’llsufferfromit.(泛指自然界)•Societyturnspeopleintocriminals.(社会)•Manhastakenhisfirststepintospace.(泛指星球之间的空间)•Mancanconquernature,(泛指人类)•Historymayrepeatitself.(泛指人类整个历史)