文体学2

1Chapter2ThreeViewsonStyleMainContentsIntroductionoftheterm:styleStyleasDevianceStyleasChoiceStyleasForegrounding•RevisionandExercise•Whyisitpossibleforustodostylisticinquiry?•Whatarethetwogoalsforstylisticinquiry?Whichgoalismoredifficulttoreachand•WhatarethethreecomponentsandprocedureforstylisticanalysisaccordingtoHallidayandShort?•LookattheexerciseonP•3•Differentdefinitionsofstyle•Styleasform(Aristotle)•Styleaseloquence(Cicero)•Styleistheman.(Buffon)•Styleaspersonalidiosyncrasy(Murry)•Sayingtherightthinginthemosteffectiveway(Enkvist)•Styleasthechoicebetweenalternativeexpressions(Enkvist)•Styleasequivalence(Jakobson)•4•Tocontinue•Styleasforegrounding(LeechandShort)•Styleasdeviation(Spitzer)•ThreemeaningsofStyle•A文体；B语域；C风格•文体指说话或写作的格调，它随时变化，由非正式到十分正式，看具体情景、对象、地点、语题等因素而定。•语域指一个特定的群体所用的特殊语言变体，这群体或者有共同的职业（如医生、律师），或者共同的兴趣（如集邮、足球），因而有其特定的语言变体。•风格指特有的说话或写作方式，如莎士比亚的风格、弥而顿的风格、意识流的风格等•6•Reasonsforthedifferentdefinitions•Differenttheoreticalbackground,i.e.traditional,functionalperspective•Differentpurposeforthedefinition,someforthefirstmeaning,secondorthirdmeaningofstyle.•7•2.1StyleasDeviance•Thedistinctivenessofaliterarytextresidesinitsdeparturefromthecharacteristicsofwhatiscommunicativelynormal.•Origin:MukarovskyfromPragueSchool,styleasforegrounding,statedthattheviolationofthenormofstandard,•8itssystematicviolationiswhatmakespossiblethepoeticutilizationoflanguage;•Styleliesintheabnormal,deviational,de-automatized,orforegroundeduseoflanguage.ThatisQualitydeviance（质的偏离）.•9•Qualitydeviance（量的偏离）isrepresentedinthevariouslevelsoflanguageinliterarytexts,suchasphonological,graphological,lexical,syntactical,semanticandpragmaticlevels.•10•Semantic•(1)agriefago----anexampleofirregularcollocation•Meaning:Thepoethasexperiencedgriefrepeatedlysothathecanmeasuretimeintermsofit.•(2)Thechildisthefatheroftheman.•Deviationatdiscoursallevelseenextpage•11•Ex1:anyonelivedinaprettyhowtown•anyoneliveinaprettyhowtown•howanyoneliveinaprettytown•(withupsofloatingmanybellsdown)•(withsomanybellsfloatingupdown)•springsummerautumnwinter•hesanghisdidn’thedancedhisdid•(refertoantonyms,assomethingornothing)•12•Womenandman(bothlittleandsmall)•caredforanyonenotatall•notcaredforanyoneatall•theysowedtheirisn’ttheyreapedtheirsame•sunmoonstarsrain•13•NOTES:•syntacticaldeviance:didn’t,did,isn’t•Implication:Alltheyearlong,hegreetedthing,actsoractionsofoppositeconsequencesthatcametohimwithequalhappiness.•14•Comment•Advantage:tohelpusseeandkeepinmindthatthereisadifferencebetweeneverydaylanguageandthelanguageofliterature.•Thedeviantlanguagefeaturesprovideimportantcluesforinterpretation.•Problem:itisdifficulttodefinethenatureandthestatusofthenormfromwhichstyleofatextdeviates.•15Itencouragesthelinguiststolookatthelanguageofgrammaticallyhighlydeviantauthorslikee.ecummingsattheexpenseoftherelativelynon-deviantones.•16•2.2StyleofChoice•Itmeansthat“styleresultsfromatendencyofaspeakerorwritertoconsistentlychoosecertainstructuresoverotheravailableinthelanguage.”(Traugott&Pratt,1980:29)•Languageisthesum(total)ofthestructureavailabletothespeaker,styleconcernsthecharacteristicchoicesinagivencontext.e.g.•Heimingway’sshortsentencestructure•17A)Suchchoiceofstructureisinnowayaconsciouschoice.•B)Choiceisoftenconsideredtobeamatterofexpressionorform,butactuallywritersseemtochoosecontentaswell.e.g.•Hemingwayselectstowriteaboutmenofaction—bullfighters,deep-seafishermen,soldiers,big-gamehunters•C)Styleaschoiceisabroaderview,subsumingtheviewstyleasdeviance.•18•D)Accordingtosuchaview,stylisticanalysisshouldbasedonthecountingofdifferentstructuresandchoosingthepredominantstructuresinthetextasyourinterpretation.Styleliesinthosewhicharestrikinginstatisticalfigure.•19•Choicesasmeaning•Differentchoicesalwaysindicatediversemeanings.•近年来，中泰两国国民经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作体供了良好的基础。•ThissentencecanberenderedintoEnglishwiththefourdifferentsubjects：Nationaleconomies/Recentyears/ChinaandThailand/Therapiddevelopment••20•A.InrecentyearsthenationaleconomiesofChinaandThailandhavequicklydeveloped,providingagoodfoundationforeconomicandtradecooperationbetweenthetwocountries.•B.RecentyearshavewitnessedtherapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomiesinChinaandThailand,whichhaspreparedthegoodgroundforeconomicandtradecooperationbetweenthetwocountries..•21•C.ChinaandThailand,withtherapiddevelopmentoftheirnationaleconomiesinrecentyears,havelaidagoodfoundationfortheireconomicandtradecooperation.•D.TherapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomyofChinaandThailandinrecentyearshaslaidasoundfoundationbetweenthetwocountries.•22•Thechoiceofthesubjectimpliesthedifferentthematicmeaning,onekindofstylisticmeaning.Meanwhileitalsorepresentsthewriter’sconsciousoptioninexpression.•23•AnexampleofJohnKeats•Asthoughroseshouldcloseandbeabudagain.Asthoughroseshouldshutandbeabudagain.•Thewordroseandclosecanformaninternalrhyme,whichaddsomepoeticqualitytotheline.•Threereasonsfor‘shut’ratherthan“close”.•24•A)itconnectswith“should”and“bud”together.•B)thephoneticconnectionitformswith“bud”underliessemanticconnectionbetweenthetwowords,for“shut”semanticallyre