Walter-Scott..

WalterScott(1771—1832)瓦尔特·司各特1.Thefatherofthehistoricalnovel2.ScottishNovelistandPoet3.HislanguageisdifficultwithScottishdialect.I.LifeStoryborninEdinburghhisfamilyfathermothergrandmotherstoriesofthepastbarristerlegendstheoldBorderfeudswonderfultalesintenseloveofScottishhistoryandtradition8,highschoolFather’soffice,lawatthesametime,engagedinwritingtranslationfromtheGermandramasandpoemsTheLayoftheLastMinstrel《最末一个行吟诗人》abandonthelaw43,frompoetrytonovelsadebtof130,000poundswriting-machineavastnumberofromantic-historicalnovelsdiedat60II.Scott‘sWorks1.MinstrelsyoftheScottishBorder,《苏格兰边区歌谣集》,whichhehadcollectedamongtheScottishpeopleformanyyears.2.TheLayoftheLastMinstrel,《最末一个行吟诗人》3.Marmion《玛密恩》4.TheLadyoftheLake《湖上夫人》5.Waverley《威弗利》,firsthistoricalnovel.6.Scott’sHistoricalNovelsfounderandgreatmasterofthehistoricalnovel1)tribalmodeoflifeprevailingthemountainsortheHighlandsbackground:2)preservationoffeudalcustomsintheestatesofthelargelandowners3)earlydevelopmentofcapitalisminthebigcitiesfromtheMiddleAgestothe18thcenturysubjects:historyofScotland,Englishhistory,historyofEuropeancountries.1.Waverley《威弗利》2.GuyMannering《盖曼纳合》3.OldMorality《清教徒》4.RobRoy《罗布·罗伊》,thebestofthegroup5.TheHeartofMidlothian《弥德洛西恩的心》,1.Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》,NormanConquestthebestofthegroup2.Kenilworth,《肯纳尔沃思堡》duringtheTudordynasty3.TheFortunesofNigel,《尼格尔的家产》Stuartrule4.Woodstock《皇家猎宫》TheEnglishRevolution5.PeverilofthePeak《贝弗利尔·皮克》theRestoration1.QuentinDurward《昆丁·达沃德》,thebest-knownnovelonFrenchhistory.2.Talisman《惊军英雄记》3.CountRobertofParis《巴黎的罗伯特伯爵》THEHISTORICALNOVEL-GENERALFEATURESHistoricalcontext•Blendoffictionalandrealcharacters/events•Detaileddescription•Third-personomniscientnarrator•Flashbacksandtimeshifts•ClosenessofthepasttothepresentIII.FeaturesofScott’sNovels•1.Scotthasanoutstandinggiftofvivifyingthepast.•2.Inhisnovels,historicaleventsarecloselyinterwoven交织的，混合的withthefatesofindividuals.•3.Inhishistoricalnovels,heconcernsboththelivesanddeedsofthehigherclassandthatoftheordinarypeople.•4.Heisaromantic.•5.HeisaTory,aconservativeinpolitics.Scott’shistoricalnovelspavedthewayforthedevelopmentoftherealisticnovelsofthe19thcenturyandmarksthetransitionfromromanticismtorealisminEnglishliteratureofthe19thcentury.IVANHOE(1820)1.HISTORICALCONTEXT•12thcenturyEngland•KingRichardtheLionheart’sreign•TheclashbetweentheAnglo-SaxonsandtheNormansIvanhoe•1.Thetitlea.DerivedfromanoldrhymerecordingthenamesofthreemanorsforfeitedbyanoblemanforstrikingtheBlackPrincewithhistennisracket(“Tring,WingandIvanhoewerethethreeestates”);b.Scott’schoiceofthetitle:ithasanancientEnglishsoundanditgivesnoindicationofthesubjectmatterofthestory(lestthereadersshouldexpecttoomuch).2.SettingTheactiontakesplaceinEnglandinthesummerof1194,whenthenation'sillustriouswarriorking,RichardI,returnstohishomelandfromtheThirdCrusadeintheHolyLand.Scottdescribesthespecificlocale(innorthernEngland,eastofpresent-dayManchester)intheopeningparagraph.InthatpleasantdistrictofmerryEnglandwhichiswateredbytheriverDon,thereextendedinancienttimesalargeforest,coveringthegreaterpartofthebeautifulhillsandvalleyswhichliebetweenSheffieldandthepleasanttownofDoncaster.TheremainsofthisextensivewoodarestilltobeseenatthenobleseatsofWentworth,ofWarncliffePark,andaroundRotherham.HerehauntedofyorethefabulousDragonofWantley;herewerefoughtmanyofthemostdesperatebattlesduringtheCivilWarsoftheRoses;andherealsoflourishedinancienttimesthosebandsofgallant(英勇的)outlaws(反叛者),whosedeedshavebeenrenderedsopopularinEnglishsong.Such[is]ourchiefscene........Scottsetsactioninhistoricaltowns,suchasSheffield(谢菲尔德(英格兰北部一城市)andAshby阿什比,andinfictionaltowns,suchasTemplestoweandRotherwood.BackgroundIssuesforIvanhoe•A.Chivalry(骑士精神):thecodeofconductthatgovernedtheknightsandnoblemenoftheMiddle-Ages-respectofwomen,truth,honor,andcourage.•B.TheCrusades:(十字军)warsintendedtodrivetheTurkishinvadersoutoftheHolyLand,esp.Bethlehem,thebirthplaceofChristandJerusalem,wherehewascrucified.Churchman,princes,knights,andnoblemenunitedintheattemptforreligiouszealandforotherreasons.Therewerealthother7Crusadesinall,lastingfrom1096to1291,allunsuccessful.•C.ThefeudalsystemintheMiddleAges（involvingallsocialclasses）anoblemandivideshislandamonglessernoblesorgentlemenwhobecamehisvassals附庸(theyneedpaycertainrentsandfightforhiminwar).Serfdwerethelowestclass.Afewfranklins(freeholders)heldtheirlandsindependently.•D.Knighthood:(骑士身份)theaspirationofeveryhighbornyouthunlesshewaspreparingtoenterthechurch.Traininglastedfrom7to21,includingtheuseoflance,sword,battleaxe,andthewearingofarmour.Fewknightscouldreadorwrite.At21asolemnceremonycompletedthetrainingforknighthood.•E.KnightsTemplars(圣殿骑士团):aspecialorderofknightswhosedutywastoguardtheHolySepulchre.InadditiontotheVowsofknighthoos,theywereboundnottomarry.Theywerealsotaughttoreadandwrite.Atfirsttheywereformedbyonly9poorknightswhodesiredthewholegrouptobepureandpoor.Butgraduallytheycorrupted.•F.NormanConquest:takingplacein1066afteradecisivebattleatHastings.ButWilliamtheconquerorandhissuccessorsfoundithardtoenforcetheNormanruleontheconqueredSa