Word Formation (3)

ClippingorShortening1.First,seehowthesewordsareformed.gas-gasolinephone-telephonebike-bicyclepub-publichouse2.Whatisclipping(shortening)?Clippingisformationofnewwordsbycuttingapartoffawordandusingwhatisleftinstead.TheFeatureofClippingItisanimportantdeviceofformingnewwordsinmodernEnglish.Itisusedwidelyinscientificwritingandjournalisticstyle.Itisamethodofshorteningawordwithoutchangingitsmeaning.Thismethodisofacharacterofusingwordspreciselyandconveniently.FourCommonTypesofClipping1.FrontClippingTheshorteningmayoccuratthebeginningoftheword:PlaneBus（omnibus）burgerchutecoptercycleVan（caravan）quakescopedozerphoneAirplane/aeroplane,omnibus,hamburger,parachute,helicopter,bicycle,caravan,earthquake,telescope,bulldozer,telephone2.BackClippingThisshorteningmayoccurattheendoftheword:Ad,auto,bike,coke,doc,dorm,exam,gas,gent,heli,kilo,lav,photo,mike,memo,maths,mini,porn,prof.,Frenchfries,taxi3.FrontandBackClippingThisshorteningmayoccuratbothendsoftheword:Flu-influenza,tec-detective,fridge,script-prescription4.PhraseClippingAnumberofphrasesaremadeintooneword:Pub,pop，pop-singer,jet(jet-propelledplane),co-op(co-operativestore),zoo(zoologicalgarden),perm(permanentwave)Daily(dailypaper),weekly(weeklypaper)Attention1.Someclippedwordsdonotsharethesamemeaningwiththeoriginal.fan---fanaticmiss---mistress2.Someclippedwordsarecommoninusewhiletheoriginalwordsareseldomused.lunch---luncheonmovie---motionpicture3.Someareonlysuitableininformalsituations.exam,maths,prof.Acronymy1.Whatisacronymy?Acronymyistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofanumberofwords.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms,dependingonthepronunciationofthewords.汽车表示为SUV,SRV.MPV,HRV,CUV,CR-V分别代表什么意思？SUV——SUV的全称是SportUtilityVehicle，即“运动型多用途车”，20世纪80年代起源于美国，是为迎合年轻白领阶层的爱好而在皮卡底盘上发展起来的一种厢体车。离地间隙较大，在一定的程度上既有轿车的舒适性又有越野车的越野性能。CRV——CRV是本田的一款车，国产的版本叫做东风本田CR-V，取英文CityRecreationVehicle之意，即城市休闲车。SRV——SRV的英文全称是SmallRecreationVehicle，翻译过来的意思是“小型休闲车”，一般指两厢轿车，比如上海通用赛欧SRV。RAV——RAV源于丰田的一款小型运动型车，RAV4。丰田公司的解释是，Recreational(休闲)、Activity(运动)、Vehicle(车)，缩写就成了RAV，又因为车是四轮驱动，所以又加了个4。HRV——源于上海通用别克凯越HRV轿车，取Healthy(健康)、Recreational(休闲)、Vigorous(活力)之意，和上面的“V”不同，纯粹玩的是一个概念。MPV——MPV的全称是Multi-PurposeVehicle(或MiniPassengerVan)，即多用途汽车。它集轿车、旅行车和厢式货车的功能于一身，车内每个坐椅都可调整，并有多种组合的方式。近年来，MPV趋向于小型化，并出现了所谓的S-MPV，S是小(Small)的意思，车身紧凑，一般为5～7座。CUV——CUV是英文Car-BasedUtilityVehicle的缩写，是以轿车底盘为设计平台，融轿车、MPV和SUV特性为一体的多用途车，也被称为Crossover。CUV最初于20世纪末起源日本，之后在北美、西欧等地区流行，开始成为崇尚既有轿车驾驶感受和操控性，又有多用途运动车的功能，喜欢SUV的粗犷外观，同时也注重燃油经济性与兼顾良好的通过性的这类汽车用户的最佳选择。2004年初，欧蓝德正式投放中国市场，由此国内车市新兴起了CUV这样一个崭新的汽车设计理念。NCV——按照字面理解是NewConceptVehicle，新概念轿车。它是以轿车底盘为平台，兼顾了轿车的舒适性和SUV的越野性。比如瑞虎NCV。作为新概念“轿车”，它比家用轿车的使用范围更广。RV——RV的全称是RecreationVehicle，即休闲车，是一种适用于娱乐、休闲、旅行的汽车，首先提出RV汽车概念的国家是日本。RV的覆盖范围比较广泛，没有严格的范畴。从广义上讲，除了轿车和跑车外的轻型乘用车，如MPV及SUV、CUV等都可归属于RV。此外，就汽车类型而言，有轿车、客车、货车、卡车之分，而它们的主要区别就是底盘的不同。根据底盘不同，就能分清楚这些看似相同的“V”型车究竟属于哪个类别了。SUV(ＳｐｏｒｔＵｔｉｌｉｔｙＶｅｈｉｃｌｅ)是在皮卡底盘技术上开发设计，越野性好、舒适性较差，比如国内的中低端皮卡。特例是长城哈弗CUV，它虽然号称CUV，却并没有采用轿车化底盘，而是改用了梯形工字梁非承载式车身，更倾向于SUV。CUV是以轿车底盘为设计平台，CUV虽然具备了SUV的外观却更多注重舒适性，越野性比SUV差，但又比一般轿车好，所以应属于轿车市场注重越野的一个细分。欧兰德CUV、本田CRV、丰田RAV4都算是CUV。而MPV是多用途车，和SUV一样，属于国家标准乘用车里的四大类别之一，如上海通用GL8、普力马、奥德赛等都属于MPV。另外，SRV可以算是轿车里的一个细分概念。ExercisesWhichdothefollowingwordsbelongto,initialismsoracronyms?Whatdotheystandfor?EEC,TB,AIDS,BASIC,TV,UFO,CORE,OPEC,TOEFL,TEFL,CD,MTV,IT,UN,NATO,ASEAN,UNESCO,VIP,E-mail,laser,radar,InitialismsInitialismisthemakingofanewwordbyusingthefirstlettersofwords,andthenewwordiscalledaninitialism.Wheninitialismsarepronouncedwiththenamesofthelettersofthealphabet,theymaybecalledalphabetisms.Wheninitialismsarepronouncedlikeindependentlexicalitems,theyarecalledacronyms.BBCBritishBroadcastingCorporationVIPveryimportantpersonCIACentralIntelligenceAgencyISBNInternationalStandardBookNumberROMread-only-memoryWTOWorldTradeOrganizationBObodyodorVDvenerealdiseaseMITMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologySCNUSouthChinaNormalUniversityAIartificialintelligenceVOAVoiceofAmericaUFOUnidentifiedflyingobjectIMFInternationalmonetaryfundlaserlightwaveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiationAIDSAcquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeTEFLTeachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageTSSLTeachingEnglishasasecondlanguageTOEFLTestofEnglishasaforeignlanguageTESOLTeachersofEnglishtoSpeakersofOtherLanguagesOPECOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesSARSSevereacuterespiratorysyndromeNATONorthAltlanticTreatyOrganizationUNESCOUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationDINKdualincomenokidMoreexamplesofacronymsBlendingAblendmaybedefinedasanewlexemebuiltfrompartsoftwo(ormore)wordsorawordplusapartofanotherword,forexample,brunch(breakfast+lunch);smog(smoke+mog).Wordsformedinthiswayarecalled‘blends’.Blending=clipping+compounding.Moreexamplesofblendingsmoke+fogsmogOxford+CambridgeOxbridgemotor+hotelmotelslang+languageslanguageAmerican+IndianAmerindslim+gynmasticsslimnasticsWordsfromProperNamesCommonNounsProperNamesCountNMassNSingularNPluralNNounsClassificationofNounsWordsfromProperNames---WordsfromPeople’sNamesAnotherminorword-formationprocessisthecreationofnewwordsfrompropernames.Thetra