Word formation

Groupmembers——Vincy,DazyKatrina,Isabelle1.Thefunctionofwordformation.2.ThetypesofWordFormation.2.1.Affixation2.1.1.Definition2.1.2Classifications2.1.2.1.Accordingtothepositionsofaffixes2.1.2.2.Accordingtotheirdistributionintheformationofwords2.2.Compounding2.2.1.Definition2.2.2.Classifications2.2.2.1.NounCompounds2.2.2.2.AdjectiveCompounds2.2.2.3.VerbCompounds2.2.2.4.PrepCompounds2.3.Conversion2.3.1.ConversiontoNouns2.3.2.ConversiontoVerbs2.3.3.ConversiontoAdjectives2.4.Blending2.5.Clipping2.5.1.Definition2.5.2.Classification2.5.2.1.FrontClipping2.5.2.2.BackClipping2.5.2.3.FrontandBackClipping2.5.2.4.PhraseClipping2.6.Acronymy2.6.1.Definition2.6.2.Classification2.6.2.1.Initialisms2.6.2.2.Acronyms2.7.Back-formation2.7.1.AbstractNouns2.7.2.AgentialNouns2.7.3.CompoundNounsandOthers2.7.4.Adjectives2.8.SoundReduplication2.9.CommonizationofProperNames2.9.1.Definition2.9.2.PartsofCommonization3.0.SummaryofWordFormation1.TheIntroductionofwordformation.AfurtherwaybesidesborrowinginwhichthevocabularyofEnglishhasexpandedtoaccommodatetothenaturalandsocialworldinwhichitisusedhasbeentoemploymeansinternaltothelanguageitselffordevisingnewword.Thisistheareaofword-formation.2.ThetypesofWordFormation2.1.1DefinitionAffixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword–formingorderivationalaffixestobases.2.1.2Classifications2.1.2.1Accordingtothefunctionsofaffixes:2.1.2Classifications2.1.2.1Accordingtothepositionsofaffixes:PrefixationDefinition：Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestobases，whichincludes：Classifications：1）NegativePrefixes:a-,dis-,in-,non,un.2）ReversativeorPrivativePrefixes:de-,dis-,un-.3）PejorativePrefixes:mal-,mis-,pseudo12.1.2Classifications2.1.2.1.Accordingtothepositionsofaffixes:Prefixation4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize:arch-,co-,extra-hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-，under.5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude:anti-,contra-,counter-,pro-.6)Locativeprefixes:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,super-,tele-,trans-.7)Prefixesoftimeandorder:ex-,fore-,post-,pre-,re-.8)Numberprefixes:bi-,mutli-,semi-,tri-,uni-.9)Conversionprefixes：a-，be-，en-.10)Miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,vice-,12.1.2Classifications2.1.2.1Accordingtothepositionsofaffixes:SuffixationDefinition：Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases.Classifications：1)Nounsuffixes(1)Denominalnouns:concrete:-eer,-er,-ess,-ette,-let;abstract:-age,-dom,-ery,-ful,-hood,-ing,-ism,-ship.22.1.2Classifications2.1.2.1Accordingtothepositionsofaffixes:SuffixationClassifications：(2)Deverbalnouns:-ant,-ee,-ent,-er,-age,-al,-ance,-ation,-ence,-ing,-ment.(3)De-adjectivenouns:-ity,-ness.(4)Nounsandadjectivesuffixes:-ese,-an,-ist,-ite1)Nounsuffixes2)Adjectivesuffixes(1)Denominalnouns:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,al,-ial,-ical,-esque,-ic,-ous,-eous,-ious,-uous.(2)Deverbalsuffixes:-able,-ible,-ative,-ive,-sive.3)Adverbssuffixes:-ly,-ward,-wards,-wise4)Verbssuffixes:-ate,-en,-ify,-ize.22.1.2Classifications2.1.2.1Accordingtothepositionsofaffixes:InfixationDefinition：Awordelement(atypeofaffix)thatcanbeinsertedwithinthebaseformofaword(ratherthanatitsbeginningorend)tocreateanewwordorintensifymeaning.Theprocessofinsertinganinfixiscalledinfixation.Examples：-ee,infeet,teeth.32.1.2Classifications2.1.2.2Accordingtotheirfunctionintheformationofwords:Derivationalaffixes:prefixpre-;infix–ee-;sufixless.AllofthesearementionedintheformerPPT.Inflectionalaffixes:-s,-ed.-ing.12.2.1.DefinitionCompounding(orcomposition)istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.2.2.2.TypesofCompounding2.2.2.1.NounCompoundsn+nmoonwalk,boyfriendn+vsunshinev+nbreakfasta+nsoftware,fastfoodn+v-ingair-conditioningv-ing+ncleaningladyn+v-ercrimereporteradv+voutbreakv+advsit-inv-ing+advgoing-overadv+v-ingup-bringing2.2.2.TypesofCompounding2.2.2.2.AdjectiveCompoundsn+v-ingrecord-breakinga+v-ingeasy-goingn+awarewearya+adeaf-muten+v-edcustom-builtadv+v-edfar-fetchedn(a)+n-edshort-sightednum+nfour-legnum+n-edone-eyedadv+v-ingout-goingv-ed+advworn-out2.2.2.TypesofCompounding2.2.2.3.VerbCompoundsn+vsky-diveadj+vfine-tuneparticle+voverbookadj+nbad-mouth2.2.2.3.PrepCompoundsIn+tointoThrough+outthroughout2.3.1.ConversiontoNouns1)Deverbal:Almostallmonomorphemicverbscanbeasnouns,whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariousways.Forexample:a.State(ofmindorsensation)doubtthestateofdoubtingb.Eventoractivitysearchtheactivityofsearchingc.Resultoftheactioncatchwhatiscaught2.3.1.ConversiontoNounsd.doeroftheactionhelponewhohelpse.Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwithcoverusedtocoversomethingf.Placeoftheactionpasswhereonehastopass2)De-adjectival:Itisnotunusualtohavenounsconvertedfromadjectives.Unlikeverbs,notallabjectiveswhichareconvertedcanachieveafullnounstatus.Somearecompletelyconverted,thusknownasfullconversion,othersareonlypartially,hencepartialconversion.A.Fullconversiona.Commonadjectivesawhiteacrazyvaluablesangriesb.Participlesandothersagivennew-borns2.3.1.ConversiontoNounsB.Partialconversione.g.thepoor,therich,themorecorrupt,thedesertedperson.3)Miscell