46供应链管理与企业资源规划

ASK123学习培训网供應鏈管理與企業資源規劃世新大學資管系鄒慶士副教授ASK123学习培训网Dell的故事低成本的製造與行銷作業營業額71%，利潤91%(1996年)攀升至PC市場的老三成功的秘訣為何？速度客製化電腦36小時內交貨平均保有13天營業額的存貨(Compaq為25天)價格較競爭者低10~15%ASK123学习培训网彈性製造程序以及供應商的績效直到訂單輸入後，方訂購組件及時的倉儲計畫零件可在15分鐘內抵達Austin，Limerick(Ireland)，Penang(Malaysia)1992年供應商家數由204家降至74家在Austin實施VMI(Vendor-ManagedInventory)有效率的物流服務UPSDell的故事(續)ASK123学习培训网SCM的基本觀念供應鏈：完成最終產品需要之所有各種不同程序的一群廠商。木製家俱的供應鏈為何？供應鏈管理：為了配合物流、服務流、資訊流與顧客需求，尋求公司各部門與其供應商同步化的管理理念。SCMvs.MM(MaterialsManagement)協調公司中的關鍵功能-marketing、finance、engineering、informationsystem、operations、logistics、humanresource。ASK123学习培训网存貨的產生物料投入流存貨水準廢料流物料的輸出流ASK123学习培训网不同儲存點的存貨ASK123学习培训网內部供應鏈SupermarketAdistributioncenterSupermarketBdistributioncenterTransportationservicessupplierDistributiondomainofresponsibilityProductioncontroldomainofresponsibilityEggsupplierSugarsupplierFloursupplierChocolatechipssupplierMaintenanceservicessupplierFGstorageRMstorageTransformationprocessandWIPstorageASK123学习培训网製造商的供應鏈SupplierofmaterialsSupplierofservicesTier1Tier3Tier2LegendCustomerCustomerCustomerCustomerDistributioncenterDistributioncenterManufacturerASK123学习培训网服務廠商的供應鏈HomecustomersCommercialcustomersOtherelectricutilitiesElectricpowerutilityElectrictransformersFacilitymaintenanceservicesJanitorialservicesProgrammingservicesElectricenergybackuppowerOfficesuppliesFuelsuppliesASK123学习培训网SCM的發展(I)隔絕技術核心TechnicalCoreRawMaterialInventoryFinishedGoodsInventorySuppliers(many)CustomerManufacturingfacilityASK123学习培训网SCM的發展(II)JIT觀念的導入TechnicalCoreSuppliers(few)CustomerManufacturingfacilityASK123学习培训网SCM的發展(III)運用單一的物流夥伴TechnicalCoreManufacturingfacilitySuppliers(few)Logistics(inbound)Logistics(outbound)CustomerASK123学习培训网SCM的發展(IV)將供應商帶入工廠TechnicalCoreManufacturingfacilitySuppliers(few)Logistics(outbound)CustomerASK123学习培训网Volkswagen巴西廠ASK123学习培训网SCM的發展(Summary)ASK123学习培训网整合式供應鏈SuppliersPurchasingProductioncontrolDistributionCustomersSuppliersCustomersInternalsupplychainMaterialsmanagementdepartmentProductioncontrolPurchasingDistributionIntegratedsupplychainCustomersSuppliersInternalsupplychainPhase1:Independentsupply-chainentitiesPhase2:InternalintegrationPhase3:Supply-chainintegrationASK123学习培训网基本功夫跨功能團隊完成整合之企業延伸的供應鍊供應鍊社區專注於品質服務顧客驅動營運效率創造市場價值成為市場的領導者成為市場領導者的路徑供應鏈指南競爭必須競爭優勢ASK123学习培训网影響供應鏈的因素供應商數目的減少競爭的加劇較短的產品生命週期技術的革新風險的分攤與降低ASK123学习培训网成功供應鏈的要件信任長期的關係資訊分享個別組織的優勢ASK123学习培训网存貨績效衡量•平均總合存貨價值Averageinventory=$2millionCostofgoodssold=$10million52businessweeksperyear•供給週數Weeksofsupply==10.4weeks•存貨週轉數$2million($10million)/(52weeks)Inventoryturns==5turns/year$10million$2millionASK123学习培训网供應鏈績效衡量OperationsMeasureFinancialMeasureAggregateinventoryvalueCurrentassetsWeeksofsupplyWorkingcapitalInventoryturnsWorkingcapitalProductionandmaterialcostsContributionmarginPercentagedefectsContributionmarginPercentageon-timedeliveryRevenueNewproductdevelopmenttimeRevenueSupplierleadtimesWorkingcapitalLinkingSupply-ChainPerformanceMeasurestoFinancialMeasuresASK123学习培训网供應鏈策略EnvironmentsBestSuitedforEfficientandResponsiveSupplyChainsFactorEfficientSupplyChainsResponsiveSupplyChainsDemandPredictable;Unpredictable;lowforecasterrorshighforecasterrorsCompetitiveLowcost;Developmentspeed;prioritiesconsistentquality;fastdeliverytimes;on-timedeliverycustomization;volumeflexibility;high-performancedesignqualityNew-productInfrequentFrequentintroductionContributionLowHighmarginsProductvarietyLowHighASK123学习培训网供應鏈設計DesignFeaturesforEfficientandResponsiveSupplyChainsFactorEfficientSupplyChainsResponsiveSupplyChainsFlowstrategyLineflows;emphasizehighFlexibleorintermediatevolume,standardizedflows;emphasizeproductproducts,orservicesorservicevarietyCapacityLowHighcushionInventoryLow;enablehighAsneededtoenablefastinvestmentinventoryturnsdeliverytimeLeadtimeShorten,butdonotShortenaggressivelyincreasecostsSupplierEmphasizelowprices;Emphasizefastdeliveryselectionconsistentquality;on-time;customization;timedeliveryvolumeflexibility;high-performancedesignqualityASK123学习培训网Supply-ChainDynamicsCustomerCustomerFirmAFirmBFirmCMaterialsRequirementsTimeFirmCFirmA(a)(b)Figure11.7ASK123学习培训网Supply-ChainDynamics(cont.)•外部供應鏈成因•內部供應鏈成因VolumechangesProduct/servicemixchangesLatedeliveriesUnderfilledshipmentsInternallygeneratedshortagesEngineeringchangesNewproduct/serviceintroductionsProduct/servicepromotionsInformationerrorsASK123学习培训网SCM與ERP的整合SupplyChainPlanning使用現存Transaction系統(ERP)的資訊，以提供快速規劃及排程的智慧型決策支援功能。採購訂單輸入製造管理系統運籌/出貨ERP系統CurrentSituationFinalPlanSupplyChainPlannerInput•Demand•Capacity•MaterialsOutput•ProductionPlan•ShippingPlan•PromisePlanASK123学习培训网SCM與ERP的整合(續)Distribution(BranchOffice/Distributor)CentralSalesCentralPlanningManufacturingProcurementCustomerDemandPlanningSupplyNetworkPlanningProcurementSupplierProductionPlanningManageLocalSales&MarketingManageCustOrdersGlobalATPCheckORProductionPlanning&DetailScheduleProduceProductCustomerManageWarehouseForecastForecastForecastForecastSalesOrderOptimisedSupplyPlannedOrderProcurementPlanP/RCapacityAllocationPlanSalesOrderATPRequestFGDelivery