语言学教程第四版第二章--胡壮麟--主编

Chapter2SpeechsoundsContents•Howsoundsaremade?•Consonantsandvowels•Phonologicalprocesses,phonologicalrulesanddistinctivefeatures•Suprasegmentals超音段•Twomajorareasforstudyingspeechsounds:phoneticsandphonology•Phonetics:itstudieshowspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandperceived.•Threebranchesofphonetics:•Articulatoryphonetics发声语音学isthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.•Acousticphonetics声学语音学isthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds•Phonology：itdealswiththesoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphoneme音素asthepointofdeparture.•Itstudiesthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.•Ultimatelyitaimstodiscovertherulesthatunderliethesoundpatternsofalllanguages.Howspeechsoundsaremade?•speechorgans言语器官•Speechorgansarealsoknownasvocalorgans（发音器官）.•Partsofhumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeechsounds:lungs,trachea(windpipe)气管,throat,nose,mouth•organsofspeech(Figure2.2,p.26onourbooks)•Threecavities:oralcavity,nasalcavity鼻腔,pharyngealcavity(pharynx)咽腔•Insidetheoralcavity:tongue,hardpalate硬腭,softpalate(velum)软腭,teeth,teethridge(alveolus)齿龈•Insidethepharyngealcavity:pharynx咽,larynx喉,vocalfolds声带•Positionsofvocalfolds声带••(a)apart•speechsoundswhichareproducedwithoutvibrationofthevocalcordsarecalledvoiceless清音.•[p,t,k,f,s]•(b)closetogether•Speechsoundswhichareproducedwiththevocalcordsvibratingarecalledvoiced浊音.•[b,d,g,v,z]•Whenaspeechsoundwhichisnormallyvoicedisproducedwithoutvibrationoronlyslightvibration,thisiscalleddevoicing(清音化).DevoicingofvoicedconsonantsoftenoccursinEnglishwhentheyareattheendofaword,e.g.•Lidwordcrabbag•fivepasthasto•(c)totallyclosed[ʔ]•FattenbuttonpackIPA•IPA:InternationalPhoneticAlphabet国际音标•Principles:•Aseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.Romanalphabet,newlettersanddiacritics语音符号onlynecessary•Diacritics音符:•Theyareadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.Consonantsandvowels•Distinctionbetweenconsonantsandvowels:theobstruction阻塞ofairstream•Consonants辅音:obstructionofairstreams;voicedorvoiceless•Vowels元音:noobstruction;voiced•semi-vowelorsemi-consonant：[j][w]Consonants•consonantsarespeechsoundswheretheairstreamisblockedsomewhereinthemouthorthroattodifferentdegrees.•Atleast2articulatorsareinvolved：mouthandvocaltract(声道)•Classificationofconsonants:•Mannersofarticulation•Placesofarticulation•VoicedorvoicelessMannersofarticulation•Therelationshipbetweenthearticulatorsandthusthewayinwhichtheairpassesthroughcertainpartsofthevocaltract•Sevenmannersofarticulation:•1)Stop塞音(plosive)爆破音•threephasesintheproductionofastop:•theclosingphase;•theholdphase;•thereleasephase•nasalstop(nasal)[n,m,ŋ]•oralstop(stop)[p,b,t,d,k,g]•2)Fricative(Audiblefriction)摩擦音•Closeapproximationoftwoarticulators,theairstreampartiallyobstructed,turbulentairflowisproduced.•[f,v,s,z,h,,ð,∫,ʒ]•3)(Median)Approximant近音:•onearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamisproduced.•Features:•largergap;noturbulence•Ex.[w,j]•)Lateral(Approximant)边音:•Obstructionoftheairstreamatapointalongthecenteroftheoraltract,withincompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth.•Features:•astrictureofopenapproximation;nonoiseoffriction•Ex.[l]:leaf,lead;feel,real,build•5)Trill[r]颤音：red•6)Taporflap触音/闪音：[Ր]•cityletter(Am.)»7)Affricates塞擦音[ʧʤ]:•involvemorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulationinthattheyconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricativeatthesameplaceofarticulation.•Ex.[ʧ]:church[ʤ]:jetPlacesofarticulation•Theplaceswherethereisapproximation,narrowing,ortheobstructionofair.•elevenplacesofarticulation•1)Bilabial双唇音•Madewithtwolips•[p,b,m],•[w](alittledifferent,IPArefersitaslabial-velarapproximant唇颚近音)•2)Labiodental唇齿音•madewiththelowerlipandtheupperfrontteeth.•[f,v],asinfireandvia•3)dental/interdental齿音•thetonguetiporbladeandtheupperfrontteeth•[,ð]•4)alveolar齿龈音（7个）•thetonguetiporbladeandthealveolarridge•[t,d,n,s,z,ɹ,l]•5)postalveolar(palato-alveolar)后齿龈音:thetonguetipandthebackofthealveolarridge•[∫,ʒ,ʧ,ʤ]•washgaragewatch•6)retroflex卷舌音•thetiporbladecurledback(retroflex)sothattheundersideofthetonguetiporbladeformsastricturewiththebackofthealveolarridgeorthehardpalate•“r”ofdaughter•7)palatal(only1)硬腭音•thefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate•[j],asinyesandyet.•8)velar软腭音•thebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.(touched)•[k,g]:velarstops,cat,get•[ŋ]:velarnasal,sing•9)uvular小舌音•10)Pharyngeal咽音•11)glottal声门音•thetwopiecesofvocalfoldspushedtowardseachother•[h]:glottalfricative,asinhat,hold•[ʔ]:glottalstop,infat[fæʔt],pack[pæʔk],•AnalyzeconsonantsofEnglish•Descriptionofconsonants:•1.voicedorvoiceless•2.placeofarticulation•3.mannerofarticulation•e.g.[p]Voicelessbilabialstop•[b]Voicedbilabialstop•[f]Voicelesslabio-dentalfricative•[m]Bilabialnasal•Vowels元音•Vowel:aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayinthemouthorthroat,andwhichisusuallypronouncedwithvibrationofthevo