课堂环境下的第二语言习得-理论框架与分析单位

:,,,:,,:2005-07-13()200510199ForeignLanguagesandTheirTeaching2005,10Serial199:(,210097):-,;,;//:;;Abstract:Secondlanguageacquisitioninclassroomsettingsresultsfromtheinterplayofinternalmechanismandclassroomen2vironment.Correspondingtotheinternallylinguisticandcognitivemechanism,classroomneedstoprovidebothnaturalisticlinguisticenvironmentandcognitivelearningcondition.Fortheformer,basicanalyticdimensionsareinputfeaturesandinteractionfeatures;andforthelatter,meaning2focusedinstructionandform2focusedinstruction.Keywords:classroomsecondlanguageacquisition,linguisticenvironment,cognitiveenvironment:H319:A:1004-6038(2005)10-0054-05:SLA,,;,(Ellis,1994),,,,,(),(naturalisticL2ac2quisition)(instructedL2acquisition),SLA,SLA/,,(),SLA,,L2,2080SLASLA,StudiesinSecondLanguageAcquisitionLan2guageLearningSLASLA7080,L2,,,(Long,1983);,,,,,,L2,,,80,,L2,(Chaudron,1988;Allwright,1988),;,L2(VenLiar,1988)-;Ellis(1990),,,,SLA90,SLAEllis(1990)InstructedSecondLanguageAcquisitionSLA45,,,(classroomasinteraction)(classroomasformalinstruction);,,,/(Boulima,1999;Ellis,1999)(up2take)(Lyster&Ranta,1997;Leeman,2003)(fo2cus2on2form)(Long,1991,Doughty&Williams,1999),L2SLA,SLA(Ellis,1994),();,;,UGL1;,,SLA;SLA,EFL,SLA,,,,SLA;,L2L2,SLA,(Ellis,1990)20,,L2,UGSLA,,,,Gass(1997)Ellis(1990,1997),L2,,,(1,)1.L2L2,(IL),;(Krashen,1981;Ellis,1990),1),(unteachable),(Pienen2mann,1984)();2),(Krashen,1981)(),(IL)()1(Ellis,1997)2.,(Mclaughlin,1987)()()()(),;,(L2);:1),(saliency)();2)(form2meaningmapping)(intake),;3),()3.,(spontaneous);,(items)(system),,();,,,()),(Ellis,1990);,()():1)55(1),;2),,4.(1),,1),(linguisticmodification),(Krashen,1981)();2)(interactionmodification)(),();,()(),,,(Long,1983,1996;Swain,1985,1995,2000)5.,(Lantolf,2000;Lantolf&Appel,1994;William&Burden,1997),,(mediatingtool);,(interpersonallanguage)(intrapersonallanguage),/,(Vygotsky,1978)L2,L2:,L2,;,,L2:L2,:Ellis(1990)(classroomasinteraction)(classroomasformalinstruction),Ellis,,(),:(1),1.:/,:L1(caretaker)L2(NNS)(NS),L2(Long&Sato,1983;Allwright,1984;Pica,Ellis,1984,1999.Day,1985)/,,;,,L2,?1)Krashen(1981)2)Swain(1985),3)Long(1983,1996),:L2,L2(Krashen,1981);L2,(Linguisticmodification)(Krashen,1981);(interactionmodification)(Long,1983);L2,(Krashen,1981);L2,(i+1)(Krashen,1981);,(Long,1996;Swain,1985);,,(noticingthegap)(Swain,1985;Long,1996),:1):?2):?3),;3),,L2?,:1);2)()1,,L2,(1)1)():-;,()65;,2):,,,,(I)-(R)-(F);(displayquestion)(referentialquestion)L2,:;(uptake)(Lyster&Ranta,Nassaji&Wells,2000),,;,,,12.:(formalinstruction)L2;L2L2L2,-,;,,;,,,L2,,,;,??SLAFocus2on2form(FOF)(Long,1991),Fo2cus2on2formS(FOFS)focus2on2meaning,FOFFOFS,;(focus)41),,(noticing)(intention)(explicitknowledge)(Schmit,1990,1993);,(),(unfo2cused);:A.(readforfun),,;B.,,(flooding);C.,,(enhancedinput);D.;,(explicitin2struction)(2)(explicitness),22)()3L2L2,,;,75(Bialysto1ck,1988;Mclaughlin,1987),,,(Ellis,1997),(pushedoutput)(Swain,1985),,,;,,3)L2,(,correctivefeedback)(noticingthegap)(),(Xu,2003),;;;(uptake),4),L2;,(L2L1),,,,2///Ieg.IIeg./IIIeg.IVeg.1)2)1),;2),()(),(2)L2,IIII,,,FOF,();,(form2consciousness2raising)III,,;Ellis(1997)(I),(II),;(Izumi,2002),:1),(consciousness2raising)?2)L2,flooding?enhancedinputL2?3),(Doughty&William,1998)L2:[1]Allwright,D.ObservationintheLanguageClassroom[M].London:Longman,1988.[2]Chaudron,C.SecondLanguageClassrooms[M].Cambridge:Cam2bridgeUniversityPress,1988.[3]Doughty,C,&J.William,FocusonForminClassroomSecondLanguageAcquisition[M].NewYork:CambridgeUniversityPress,1998.[4]Ellis,R.InstructedSecondLanguageAcquisition[M].Oxford:BasilBlackwell,1990.[5]Ellis,R.SLAResearchandLanguageTeaching[M].Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1997.[6]Ellis,R.SecondLanguageThroughInteraction[M].Amsterdan:JohnBejamins,1999.[7]Gass,S.Input,InteractionandSecondLanguageLearner[M].Mah2wah:LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,1997.[8]Jonassen,D.&Land,S.TheoreticalFoundationsofLearningEnvi2ronment[M].LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,2000.[9]Krashen,S.PrinciplesandPracticeinSecondLanguageAcquisition[M].Oxford:Pergamon,1982.[10]Lantolf,J.&G.Appel.VygotskianApproachestoSecondLanguageResearch[M].Norwood,NJ.Ablex,1994.[11]Long,M.DoesSecondLanguageInstructionMakeaDifference?AReviewoftheResearchTESOLQuarterly,17,1983:359-382.[12]Mclaughlin,B.TheoriesofSecondLanguageAcquisition[M].Lon2don:EdwardArnold,1987.[13]Pica,T.Second2languageAcquisition,SocialInteraction,andtheClassroom.Appliedlinguistics[J].8,1987:3-21.[14]Pienemann,M.PsychologicalConstraintsontheTeachabilityofLanguages[J].SSLA,6,1984:186-214.[15]Schmidt,R.TheRoleofConsciousnessinSecondLanguageLearn2ing[J].AppliedLinguistics,11,1990:129-158.[16]SharwoodSmith,M.A.InputEnhancementinInstructedSLA:TheoreticalBases.SSLA,15,1993(2):165-179.[17]VanLier,L.TheClassroomandtheLanguageLearner[M].Lon2don:Longman,1988.85