高三英语语法总复习《句子成分和基本句型的讲解》

2020/3/191高三英语总复习语法句子成分和基本句型2020/3/1922020/3/193什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？！Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!2020/3/194现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？2020/3/195•１．主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分．一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当．它的位置一般在句首．Thegirlispretty.Readingisuseful.Toseeistobelieve.Theyaregoodfriends.2020/3/196谓语：•谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成．Theyareteachers.Shelookswell.Hestudieshard.Helaughedathisclassmates.HecanspeakEnglish.2020/3/197表语：•表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面．Iamateacher.Sheishappy.Everybodyishere.Theyareathomenow.MyjobistoteachEnglish.Seeingisbelieving.2020/3/198宾语•宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当．它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后．Sheplaysthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.IlikewatchingTV.Shelikestogotoshopthisafternoon.Ithinkthatheisgoodguy.2020/3/199宾语补足语•在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思．它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用．•它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当．•Ifyouletmego,I’llmakeyouking.•Leavethedooropen.•WefoundJohnoutwhenwearrived.•Makeyourselfathome.•Isawhimenterthehall.•Thebosskeepsthemworkingallday.•Iheardmynamecalled.2020/3/1910状语•状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词．它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度．一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当．Hediditcarefully.Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.Inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,Imuststudyhard.IwasbornonJune9th1982inGuangxi.Heiswritingwithapen.2020/3/1911定语•定语用来修饰名词或代词．形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语．•Theblackbikeismine.•What’syourname?Abrokenvase.•Ihave5books.Asleepingboy.•Theymadepaperflowers.•TheboyintheroomisJack.•Ihavesomethingtodo.•Itisaswimmingpool.2020/3/19122020/3/1913种类类型主语S谓语动词v表语/宾语p宾语0宾补oc第1种S+VWework第２种Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０Heplaysviolin.第３种Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐWearestudents第４种S+v+IO+DOshegavemeapen.第５种S+V+O+OCHemademelaugh2020/3/1914基本句型一：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.Thedinner│smells│good.午餐的气味很好。3.He│fell│inlove.他堕入了情网。4.Everything│looks│different.一切看来都不同了。5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.他长得又高又壮6.Thetrouble│is│thattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.我们井干枯了。8.Hisface│turned│red.他的脸红了。2020/3/1915系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。2020/3/1916一、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be，look，feel，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，turnout（结果是、证明是）等。You’llbeallrightsoon.Youdon’tlookverywell.Ifeelrathercold.2020/3/1917Heseemstobeill.Itappearsthatheisunhappy.Therosessmellsweet.Themixturetastedhorrible.Howsweetthemusicsounds!Thedayturnedout(tobe)afineone.2020/3/1918第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoodhasturnedbad.2020/3/1919Yesterdayhesuddenlyfellill.Mary’sfacewentred.Hisdreamhascometrue.Theboy’sbloodrancold.2020/3/1920第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep，remain，continue，stay等。Keepquiet,children!Theweathercontinuedfineforalongtime.Itremainstobeproved.2020/3/1921系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。Thenewswassurprising.（分词）HisjobisteachingEnglish.（动名词）Theonlymethodistogivethechildmorehelp.（不定式）Imustbeoffnow.（副词）Thebridgeisunderconstruction.（介词短语）Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.（词组）Thisiswhyhewaslate.（从句）2020/3/1922所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。Ourfuturewillbebeautiful.Shelooksunhappytoday.Doyoufeelcold？Youseem/appearill.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Theweatheristurning/growing/becoming/gettingcold.Heoftenwenthungry.2020/3/19233.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear，seem，get，prove，remain，turnout等。Sheappears/seemstobeveryyoung.Heappears/seemstohavecaughtcold.Theygottobefriends。Themeetingturnedouttobesuccessful.Thetheoryprovedtoberight.Muchremainstobedone.2020/3/19244.能接从句的有：be，seem，appear，sound，look等。That’swhyhefellill.Myideaisthatweshouldhelphim.Itseems/appearstomethatsomethingiswrong.Itsoundstomeasifsomeoneweretryingtogetintothehouse.Yourvoicesoundsasifyouhadacold.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.2020/3/19255.能接介词短语的有：be，feel，look，sound，taste，remain等。be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。Heisathome/inthelibrary/onthewayhome/onholiday.Theyareonduty/onstrike/onleave.Theroadisunderrepair.2020/3/1926其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：Itfeelslikearain.Itlookslikearain.Itsoundslikeatraingoingundermyroom.Ittastesofapples.（这有苹果的味道。）Theconcertremainsinmymemory.2020/3/19276.能接分词的系动词有：be，become，get，grow，seem，appear等。Hisreportwassurprising/disappointing/delighting/moving/astonishing…Theboywasmoved/delighted/surprised/disappointed/astonished。Hehasbecome/got/grown/interestedinmodernphysics。Heseems/appearsdrunk。系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用。page432020/3/1928一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难点所在。高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较多，重点考查的是get，其次是feel和remain，考查的难度在逐年增大。二.对表示状态变化的系动词的考查英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有get，turn，turnout（结果是……），go，come（成为），fall，become等。2020/3/19291.对get的考查get表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做成”，它后面可以接形容词、v-ing形式、过去分词等。①Sarah,hurryup.I'mafraidyouwon'thavetimeto_____beforetheparty.A.getchangedB.getchangeC.getchangingD.gettochange2020/3/1930②Becarefulwhenyoucrossthisverybusystreet,i