linguistics2

morphologyInflectionalmorphologyLexical/derivationalmorphologyInflectionscompoundderivationnumber,tense,degreeandcaseWord-formationRelationsbetweenlexicalwords.Relationbetweenstemsandaffixesmorphemegrammaticalmeaning;lexicalmeaningfreemorphemesboundmorphemesrootsaffixesInflectionalaffixesderivationalaffixesprefixsuffixstemFreemorphemederivativeBoundrootExercises•Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.•Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.•Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.•Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.•Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthesecondelement,whilethefirstelementreceivessecondarystress.TTTFFExercises•Theaffix“-ish”inthewordboyishconveysag__________meaning.•B____morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.•D_______affixesareaddedtoaformtocreatewords.•Therulesgoverningwhichaffixareaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformnewwordsarem___________rules.•Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,c___________canbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoormorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.rammaticalounderivativeorphologicalompoundingExercises•Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)___.A.boundmorphemeB.boundformC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freemorpheme•Thepartofspeechofthecompoundisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof___.A.thefirstelementB.thesecondelementC.eitherthefirstorthesecondelementD.boththefirstandthesecondelement•____isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.PhoneticsB.PhonemeC.MorphologyD.MorphemeDBCExercises•____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes•____areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.Sentences•“-s”intheword“books”is____.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.arootTheword“internationalists”contains___morphemes.A.4B.5C.6D.7ABCBsyntaxAsubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.Itisamajorcomponentofgrammar.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.MainpointSyntaxasasystemofrulesSentencestructureandcategoriesGrammaticalrelationswithinsentencesPhrasestructurerule,theX-bartheoryandmovementrulesPrinciples-and-parametersparadigminUGWhatisasentence？L.Bloomfielddefinessentenceasanindependentlinguisticformnotincludedbysomegrammaticalmarksinanyotherlinguisticform,i.e.,itisnotsubordinatedtoalargerlinguisticform,itisstructurallyindependent.It’salsocalledamaximumfreeform.SyntaxasasystemofrulesSentencesarerule-governed.we,laughed,alla.welaughedall.b.Wealllaughed.c.Laughedweall.d.Laughedallwe.e.Allwelaughed.f.Alllaughedwe.Howisasentencestructured?SyntaxconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallowwordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoformgrammaticalS.Syntacticrulescomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticcompetence.Syntacticrulesarecapableofyieldinganendlessofnumberofsentencesinanaturallanguage.Asentence=subject(主语)+predicate(谓语)Thebasiccomponentsofasentence1.Jacklikeslinguistics.sentencenounpredicateNPVsomeentity,suchasaperson,aplace,athing,anidea,oraneventsubjectpronounphrasegerundInfinitive-verbclauseFV/VPwhichsayssthaboutthesubjectVCVAVOVOCVOAVOOthemainverbwhichexpressesexistence,actionoroccurrencelimitedbyperson,number,tenseandmood.TypesofsentencessimplesentencecomplexsentenceCoordinate/compoundsentenceAsimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausethatcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.e.g.2.Johnreadsextensively.Aclausethat(a)takesasubjectandafiniteverb,and(b)atthesametimestandsstructurallyaloneisknownasafiniteclause(限定分句).Normally,afiniteclauseiscalledasentencewhileaclausethatiscombinedwithotherclausesiscalledaclause(从句/小句).Note:Thecentralelementinasentence/clauseisthefiniteverb.Acoordinatesentence(并列句)containstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,like“and,but,or”.e.g3.Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparingforherhistoryexam.Thetwoclausesarestructurallyequalpartsofthesentence;neitherissubordinatetotheother.Inotherwords,eachclauseisseparablefromtheotherandstandasastructurallyindependentS.SJohnisreadingalinguisticbookMaryispreparingforherhistoryexamclause1conjunctionclause2SSandAcomplexsentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.i.e,thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencehaveunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.Theincorporated,orsubordinate,clauseisnormallycalledanembeddedclause(子句),andtheclauseintowhichitisembeddediscalledamatrixsentence(主句).4.MarytoldJane[thatJohnlikedlinguistics].5.Marysaw[Johnreadingalinguisticsbook].6.[ForJohntolikelinguistics]quitepuzzledMary.7.Marydidn’tlikelinguistics[untilhegaveheralecture].8.Marylostthebook[thatheboughther].Thecharacteristicsofcomplexsentences:I.anembeddedcl