外研社高中英语必修四module3 Grammar

BodyLanguageandNon-verbalCommunicationGrammar1Adverbialclauseofcondition条件状语从句条件状语从句常用引导词有if，unless（除非，如果不，除非在…的时候）,incase（如果，以防）,onconditionthat（在…条件下,如果）,aslongas(只要)，provided(that)/providing(that)(假如,在…条件下),suppose(that)/supposing(that)（如果,假如），when(倘若)等连词引导。注意：条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来。3.Shewillgoprovidedherfriendscangoalso.4.Hewilldotheworkprovidingyoupayhim.5.Aslongasyou’rehappy,itdoesn’tmatterwhatyoudo.6.IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.7.Supposingitrains,shallwecontinuethesportsmeeting?8.Icantellyouthetruthonconditionthatyoupromisetokeepasecret.1.Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillnotgoswimming.2.Youwillfailunlessyouworkhard.9.Callmewhenyouhavefinished.If引导的虚拟条件句与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时(be用were)，主句用woulddoIfIwereyou,Iwouldhelphim.Ifhehadenoughmoney,hewouldbuythatbook.与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时时，主句用wouldhavedone.IwouldhavearrivedmuchearlierifIhadnotbeencaughtinthetraffic.如果没有堵车,我会到的早一点儿。与将来事实相反，从句中用①一般过去时(be用were)②shoulddo③weretodo，主句用woulddoIfitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.Ifyoudroppedtheglass,itwouldbreak.Ifheshouldseeme,hewouldknowme.从句中有had,were,should，可将其提到主语前，并去掉if。IfIwereyou,Iwouldhelphim.=WereIyou,Iwouldhelphim.Ifhehadenoughmoney,hewouldbuythatbook.=Hadheenoughmoney,hewouldbuythatbook.Ifheshouldseeme,hewouldknowme.=Shouldheseeme,hewouldknowme.Butfortherain,weshouldhavehadapleasantjourney.要不是下雨,我们的旅行肯定会很愉快。Withoutyourhelp,wecouldnothavefinishedintime.要不是你帮忙,我们肯定不能及时完成任务。butfor,without等引出一个介词结构也可表示条件,条件常常是虚拟的,或与事实相反的假设。如:Grammar2Adverbialclauseofconcession让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的主要连词有：although,though,eventhough/if,while，as，nomater+特殊疑问词，特殊疑问词+ever等.(1)though,although表示“虽然,纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式，二者都可与yet,still或nevertheless(然而，尽管如此)连用,但不能与but连用。Though/Althoughhewaswornout,(still)hekeptonworking.虽然他已经精疲力竭,但仍然继续工作。Though/Althoughheisveryold,(yet)heisquitestrong.他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。值得注意的是,although引导的让步状语从句多位于主句之前,though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。Shepassedtheexaminationthoughshehadnotstudiedveryhard.她虽然不用功学习,考试却及格了。(2)as,though表示“虽然……但是”,“纵使……”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though有时也用于这样的结构中,但although不可以倒装。1.Objectasyoumay,I’llgo.(=Though/Althoughyoumayobject,I’llgo.)纵使你反对,我也要去。2.Hardas/thoughheworks,hemakeslittleprogress.(=Thoughheworkshard,hemakeslittleprogress.)尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。3.Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.(=Thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.)虽然他是一个孩子,但他知道的很多。注意：若表语为不定冠词+单数可数名词，倒装时去掉a/an，只把名词提前。(3)evenif,eventhough表示“即使……”,“纵使……”之意,常可互换使用。We’llmakeatripevenif/thoughtheweatherisbad.即使天气不好,我们也要作一次旅行。Evenif/thoughheispoor,sheloveshim.尽管他很穷,但她还是爱他。(4)whether...or...表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两个方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。2.You’llhavetoattendtheceremonywhetheryou’refreeorbusy.不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。1.Whetheryoubelieveitornot,it’strue.无论你是否相信,这都是真的。(5)“nomatter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……;不管……都……”它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.(=Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.)无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的。Nomatterwhoyouare,youmustkeepthelaw.（=Whoeveryouare,youmustkeepthelaw.）不管你是谁,你都要遵纪守法。但“nomatter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。Whatever(=Nomatterwhat)yousay,Iwon’tbelieveyou.(Whatever引导让步状语从句)无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。I’lleatwhatever(≠nomatterwhat)yougiveme.(whatever引导宾语从句)你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.(Whoever引导主语从句)不管谁来都受到欢迎。此外,有时while也可以引导让步状语从句,但一般要位于句首。WhileIlikethecolour,Idon’tliketheshape.我虽然喜欢那颜色,但不喜欢那形状。