合同中缔约过失责任的产生和发展-外文翻译

1、TheEmergenceandDevelopmentofContractingFaultLiabilityAbstract:TheContractingFaultLiabilityasacivilcompensationliabilityoccurswhenonepartyviolatestheprecontractualobligationssubjecttobonafideprincipleandthentheotherpartyistobeentitledtothecompensationforthedamagestotherelianceonitsinterestsufferedthereby.ThesystemofthecontractingfaultliabilitywasputforwardbyaGermanjuristandwasfamedanimportantfindofjurisprudence.Reviewingthehistoryofliabilityfornegligenceincontracting,wecanfindsthatcaseandtheoryp。

2、layaveryimportantroleinitsdevelopment.Introduction:Intraditionalcontractlaw,contractrightsandobligationsbetweenthepartiesisonlykeptintheestablishmentandperformanceofcontractscompletedperiod.Ifthecontractualrelationshipdidnotexistornotsetup,itimpliesnoresponsibility.Thatis,”nocontracts,noresponsibility.Sointhecontract,ifoneside’scontractisnotsetup,whichimpliesthefactthattherehavetoprotecttheinterestedpartieswholosssomething.Withthissituation,thefaultliabilitywascomeout.Thisarticlefocusesonit.TheE。

3、mergenceanddevelopmentofcontractingfaultliability:ItisgenerallyagreedthattheconceptoffaultliabilityhavealreadycameoutinRomelaw.Thereisafamoussaying:contractisnolongerthesubjectofthepaymentisvoid.Atthispoint,ifthebuyerisingoodfaithandwithoutnegligence,inordertoprotectthesecurityoftransactions,inexceptionalcircumstancesthebuyertherighttoappealbasedonbuyerstogoodfaithlitigation,therequesttothesellerforcompensationforlossessufferedduetoaninvalidcontract.However,beforetheformationoftheancientRomanlaw。

4、,thereisnocontractualobligationandCulpacompletesystem.Thecompletetheoreticalandinstitutionalsystematizationofthingswasestablishedinthemoderntimes.ItisproposedbytheGermanjuristGarling.Intheyearof1861,JellingpublishedinVolumeIVofContractingonthefault-Contractnullandvoidanddamagesbeforetheestablishmentoftheharmedinhis“GarlingdoctrineAnnualReport”.Inthearticle,hepointedoutthatGermanytooktoomuchemphasisonthewillofthegeneralcommonlawandthesubjectivewilloftheimportanceofpartydesired,butnotenoughtomeett。

5、hebusinessneeds.Forexample,offerorcommitmentisfailedtoconvey,thepersonorthesubjectwillaffecttheeffectivenessofthecontract,ifthecontractduetothefaultofoneofthepartiesandnotestablished,thepartyatfaultshouldtheotherpartybecauseofrelianceontheestablishmentofcontractlossesliability?Garlingreplied:thepeoplewhoengagedincontractswereconcluded,fromacontractualobligationtotradeoutsidethescopeofthenegativeintoapositiveobligationontheleasearea,whichthusassumetheprimaryobligationliesincontractingtobefulfilli。

6、ngthenecessaryattention.Protectedbylaw,notjustanexistingcontractualrelationship,thecontractualrelationshipistakingplaceshouldbeincluded;otherwisetheleasedealwillbeout,andoutofprotection.Thepartiescreatedacontractualobligation,ifsuchaneffectbecauseoflegalobstaclestobeexcludedwhentheobligationwillbetoproducedamages.Therewillbeaso-calledcontractisinvalidpersons,refersonlytofulfilleffectdoesnotoccur,non-thathedidnothaveanyeffect.Inabrief,thepartiesmakethecontractsmeaninglessbecauseoftheirownreasonsd。

7、onotcontractwhobelieveditscontractualrightfortheeffectiveestablishmentoftherelativeshouldpayforthedamage.[1]ThisistheGarling‘sContractingnegligencetheory,itisknownastheLawonthefindings.SincetheJellingtheoryputforwardthetheoryofcontractingnegligence,itisseriouslyconcernedbytheworld.Andthenitcarriedoutmoreextensiveandin-depthandsystematicresearchanditalsoincreasinglybysomecountries,legislationorjudicialpracticetoacceptthem.Inthe“GermanCivilCodetimes,thescholarsbegintodiscussitonthequestionoffaulto。

8、ntheparties.Mostofthedraftersbelievesthatcontractingnegligencetheoryofliabilityisnoteasytoacceptandprescribedbyageneralprinciple,onlyinexceptionalcircumstancesshouldberecognized.So,in1900theGermanCivilCode,thedraftersofthetreatyonthefaultisnotfullyacceptedthetheory,onlyinthewrongtowithdraw(122),therightagent(179),fromtheoutsettheobjectivecannot(307),etc.islimitedadoptedwithintheframeworkofthisview,butthecontractingnegligencetheoryintheGermanjudicialpracticeanddoctrinehavebeendevelopedrapidlyandg。

9、raduallyformedafine,large,complexandwidescopeofapplication,theestablishmentofageneralizedprinciple.InJapan,thejurisprudencehasalsoacknowledgedtheresponsibilityofcontractingnegligencetheory.InJapan'sCasetofindthebasesofthefaultliabilityfromthetrustandthecityrealcreditprinciple,sothescopeofthisresponsibilityextendedtothefollowingareas:(1)Unabletoperformthecontractfromthebeginningsothatthecontractdoesnotholdorinvalid;(2)Thecontractshallonlyremaininthepreparationstageofnegotiation;(3)Contracteffecti。

10、veestablishmentofthesituation.Contractingfaultliabilityisaneffectiveestablishmentofthesituationofenoughtomatterifthetargetswereflawedandcontractorwhobreachofcontract.InGreeceandItaly,contractingfaultliabilitywasconcernedasageneralprinciple.AccordingtoGreekCivilCodeArticle197,itstipulatesthat:Whenconsultationsontheoccasionoftheconclusionofcontracts,thepartiesshouldhaveobligationtofollowthetradingpracticesandgoodfaith.TheItalianCivilCodesection1337providesapre-negotiationsandcontractualresponsibili。