Individualism-and-collectivism--集体主义与个人主义

CollectivismGroupMembers:ScottSofiaMikeAlan•Whenwetalkaboutcollectivisim，wemusttalkaboutindividualism.•Collectivisimisrelatedtoindividualism.•CollectivisimandindividualismhavedifferentperformencesinWesternandEasterncultures.Contents11AGeneralIntroductionofIndividualismandCollectivism12ManifestationofIndividualismandCollectivism4AcomprehensiveappraisalofIndividualismandCollectivism3ComparisonbetweenwesternIndividualismandChineseCollectivismconclusion5AGeneralIntroductionofIndividualismandCollectivismCase1Westernswouldpaymoreattentiontofishes;Easternswouldpaymoreattentiontothecontext.FishtankCase2Americans:A+CChinese:B+CA.ChickenB.HayC.Cattle1.whatisindividualism?Individualismpertainstosocietiesinwhichthetiesbetweenindividualsareloose.Everyoneisexpectedtolookafterhimselforherselfandhisorherimmediatefamily.2.whatiscollectivism?Collectivismpertainstosocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthonwardsareintegratedintostrongcohesivein-groups,whichthroughoutpeople'slifetimecontinuetoprotecttheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.U.S.A1China36Australia2Peru37GreatBritain3Pakistan38Canada4Colombia39Netherlands5Venezuela40RankingofIndividualismManifestationofIndividualismandCollectivismSelf--reliance4Personalequality3Self-expression5ManifestationsofIndividualismPersonalprivacy1Personalfreedom2Groupunityandharmony1Group-orientates4Loyalty,conformity，humility5Groupgoals2Hierarchyandinterdependence3ManifestationsofCollectivismTheComparisonBetweenWesternindividualismandChinesecollectivismAttitudesandbehaviorsIndividualismCollectivismSelfEachpersonisseparatefromeachother;childrenlearntothinkintermsof“I”Eachpersonispartofagroup;childrenlearntothinkintermsof“we”IdentityIdentityisbasedontheindividualIdentityisbasedonthesocialnetworkCommunicationLow-contextHigh-contextSocialvalueSpeakyourmindandtellthetruthMaintainharmonyandavoidconfrontationsDecision-makingPersonalfreedomismoreimportantEqualityismoreimportantthanpersonalfreedomGroupmembershipFellowuniversalrules;Thedecision-makingprocessisimportantFulfillobligationstoin-groupmembers;relationshipsareimportantConformityTheindividualbelongstomanygroupsbuthisattachmenttothemisrelativelyweakTheindividualbelongstofewgroupsbutfeelsstronglyattachedtothemBehaviortowardIn-groupandOut-groupmembersGrouphasrelativelylittleinfluenceonthebehaviorofgroupmembersGroupgreatlyinfluencethebehaviorofmembersRelationshipswithgroupmembersRelativelylittledifferenceinbehaviortowardin-groupandout-groupmembersBigdifferencebetweenin-groupandout-groupmembersCompetitionLessintimatewithin-groupsandlesshostiletoout-groupsCooperatewithmembersofin-groupsbutnotwithmembersofout-groupsCooperationOccurswithingroupsaswellasbetweengroupsCooperatewithmembersofin-groupsbutnotwithmembersofout-groupsStrangersValuemeetingnewpeople;meetthemeasilyFormalanddistantwithstrangersSelf-relianceItisapleasuretodoasmuchbyyourselfaspossiblePeopledependoneachotherbutshouldnotburdenin-groupmembersunnecessarilyTypicalrelationshippatternShort-term,Voluntary,LessintensiverelationshipLong-term,Involuntary,MoreintensiverelationshipWesternidiomsandphrasesGodhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.Allmenarecreatedequal.Self-madeSelf-absorptionSelf-admirationSelf-centeredSelf-fulfillingChineseIdiomsandPhrases•先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐•天下兴亡，匹夫有责•精忠报国，死而无憾•循规蹈矩•克己守道•三纲五常•贵有自知之明•人言可畏（死要面子）DifferentOpinionsonFamilyDifferentOpinionsonThinkingpatternDifferentOpinionsonbehaviorpatternDifferentOpinionsoninterpersonalcommunicationIntermsofthinkingpattern•IndividualismandcollectivisimleadtodifferentthinkingpatternsbetweenwesternsandChinese.Forexample,whendonating,Chinesepeopleconsideritasaverygloriouseventbecausetheythinktheymakeacontributiontothepoorandcountry.Whilewhenwesternsencounterthesamesituation,theywillmakeadecisionaccordingtotheirfacts.Theywilldoiftheyhaveenoughmoney,whichtheyreconisbeneficalforthemselves.Intermsofbehaviorpattern•DifferentvaluescausedifferentactionsbetweenChineseandwesterns.Whengettingintotroubles,Chinesepeoplealwaysoveythesayinglookbeforeyouleap''.Howeverwesternscanmakeaquickdecisionindependentlythatisalwaysoffensive.Intermsofinterpersonalcommunication.•Forforeignersdealwithofficialbusinessinvolvingpersonalemotions.Everyoneisequal''istheirprinciple.HoweverChinesepeoplearestrivingforguanxiand''mianziatanymoment.InChineseculture,harmonyisthefirst.AcomprehensiveappraisalofIndividualismandCollectivismAdvantagesPoliticsDemocracyinAmericaEconomyThethrivingeconomicCulturePersonalHeroismSociallifePersonaldesirecomesfirstExcessivedisparitiesinwealthTheexistenceofracialdiscriminationOthersocialproblemsDrug,Crime,Violence,HomosexualityDisadvantagesAdvantagesCommunityspiritCooperateEconomyThethrivingeconomicCultureCollectiveheroismSociallifeOnemakescomtributionstogroupNoteveryonehastheteamspiritHierarchyandpersonalinequalityLeadersusepublicpowerforprivategainSelfishinhumannatureTrytolazyandreducepaymentasprincipleDisadvantagesconclusion•IndividualismandcollectivismarejustdifferentculturalvaluesbetweenChinaandwesterncountries.Wecannotjudgewhetherthetwovaluesaregoodornotbrie