Part II 1 Basic Drilling Technology

1.BasicDrillingTechnology1.1HistoryandDrillingEnvironments1.2DrillingEquipment1.3TheDrillstemandDrillingFluid1.4DrillingtheWell1.5OffshoreOperationsHistory1.1HistoryandDrillingEnvironmentSurfaceEnvironmentsSubsurfaceEnvironmentsHistoryThehistoryofoilwelldrillingtechnologyisstuddedwiththefamiliarnamesofColonelE.L.Drake,CaptainAnthonyLucas,and“Spindletop.”However,therapiddevelopmentandcommercialapplicationsofrotarydrillingintheearly1900swereprecededbytheworkofmanyindividualsfrommanydifferentcountries.Studin装饰，点缀Figure1-2ColonelEdwinDrake[courtesyTheDrakeWellMuseum]Col.EdwinDrake,thefatherofthemodernoilindustry.Aformerrailwayconductor,the“colonel”wasanaffectationadoptedtoimpressthetowns-peopleofOilCreek.AsarepresentationofthePennsylvaniaRockOilCompany,DrakespentthreeunsuccessfulyearstryingtoskimoilinmarketablequantitiesfromthesamespringstheIndianshadusedyearsbefore.Whenthecompanyfailed,DrakeorganizedtheSenecaOilCompanytotryagain.ThistimehelookedatthebrinewellsthathadbeendrilledatnearbyTarantumandmadethemomentousdecisiontotrytoobtainoilinquantitybydrillingforit.Thathewassuccessfulwasdueinnosmallparttotheskillanddedicationofhisdriller,WilliamA,“UncleBilly”Smith,ablacksmithandexperiencedbrinewelldriller.Afterpenetrating30ftofrock.Drakestruckoilatatotaldepthof691/2ft.Thewellwasnotagusher—theoilhadtobepumpedtothesurface,butitwasthefirst“oil-well”intheUnitedStatesandthelampoilproducersquicklyflockedtothesitetobuyDrake’soilfor$20/bbl.Thatday,August27,I859,isnotedasthebirthdayoftheoilindustry,forDrakehadprovesthatitwaspossibletoobtainoilinquantitybydrillingforitthroughrock.HistoryThehistoryofoilwelldrillingtechnologyisstuddedwiththefamiliarnamesofColonelE.L.Drake,CaptainAnthonyLucas,and“Spindletop.”However,therapiddevelopmentandcommercialapplicationsofrotarydrillingintheearly1900swereprecededbytheworkofmanyindividualsfrommanydifferentcountries.Figure1-6CaptainAnthonyF.Lucas(courtesyAmocoTorch)HistoryThehistoryofoilwelldrillingtechnologyisstuddedwiththefamiliarnamesofColonelE.L.Drake,CaptainAnthonyLucas,and“Spindletop.”However,therapiddevelopmentandcommercialapplicationsofrotarydrillingintheearly1900swereprecededbytheworkofmanyindividualsfrommanydifferentcountries.Figure1-7Spindletop—America’sfirst“gusher”(courtesyAmocoTorch)HistoryFigure1.1showssomeoftheimportantmilestonesthathavebeenrecordedinthehistoryofmoderndrillingtechnology.AncientTimesWellsdugbyhand,thispracticecontinuedinBurmauntilthe1900s.250B.C.Chineseusepercussiondrillingtodrillwellsforsaltwater,usingderricks,tubing,bits,andcementedbamboocasing.1808RuffnerbrothersofWestVirginiauseaspringpolepercussion-drillingapparatustokickdownawell.Thedrillersattachacableandbittoaflexiblesaplingsecuredasaleveroverafulcrum.Afterusingtheirownweighttobendthepoleanddropthebitintothehole,theyallowthespringpoletoliftthebitback.up.1829Steamisusedlo'operateimprovedcabletoolequipmentthatutilizesderricks,engines,andfishingtoolstoretrievelostbits.1844AnEnglishmannamedRobertBeartinventsadrillingmachinethatincludesaHydraulicswivel,hollowdrllingrods,andcirculatingfluid.1845AFrenchengineernamedFauvelledrillsawaterwellnearPerpignan,France,usingasetofhollowboringrodstoallowpumpedwatertoflushexcavatedmaterialfromthehole.1848AugustBeer,anAustrianprofessor,suggeststhepossibilityofdrillingbyarotarymethod.1859Usingcable-toolpercussiondrillingequipment,Col.E.L.DrakecompletesthefirstcommercialoilwellinAmerica,atadepthof69ft.1860AFrenchcivilengineernamedLeschocusesapower-driven,diamond-studdedrotarydrill.1866ApatentisgrantedforastonedrillthatincludesahollowdriUstem,arollerbit,andafluid-conductingswivel.1869Apatentisgrantedonaspecialtypeofoffshoredrillingrig.Anotherinventorreceivesapatentonarotarytablewithabeveledgeardrive,1880sEuropeanoilwelldrillers,usingversionsofFauvelle'swater-flusheddrillingtools,drillwellsinAlsaceandBaku.1882TheBakerbrothersbeginusingrotaryequipmenttodrillforwaterinSouthDakotatodepthof500ft.1888TheBakersmovetheirequipmenttoCorsicana,Texas,whereitbecomespopular.1893W.B.SharpdrillsforoilwitharotaryrignearBeaumont;hiswellisabandonedat418ft.1897P.HigginsunsuccessfullydrillsforoilnearBeaumontandthenhiresAnthonyLucas.1900-1901AnthonyLucasandtheHamiUbrothersdrillthediscoverywellattheSpindletopFieldnearBeaumont,Texas,usingrotarydrillingequipmentfromCorsicana.Thewellflows100,000BOPDfrom1040ftandrotarydrillingisonitsway.1909HowardHughesinventstherotaryrockbit,witharollingcutter.1918Theworld'sdeepestwell,drilledwithacable-toolpercussion-drillingrig,is7386ft.1920sCombinationrigsaredevelopedthatusepercussioncabletoolstodrilldownto4000ftandrotarydrillingequipmentbelowthatdepth.1930Theworld'sdeepestwell,drilledwitharotaryrig,is10,000ft.SurfaceEnvironmentsOnshoreOffshoredesertmountainjunglearctictotoVarydrasticallyfromweatherWaterdepthThetwogreatestchallengestooffshoredrillingoperationsSubsurfaceEnvironmentsBelowthesurface,conditionsarelittlelessvariablebutfarfrompleasant.Ingeneral,drillingdifficultyincreaseswithincreaseddepth.Thisislogicalbecausewearerequiredtomaintaincontroloveranoper