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Unit10AlmostallofushaveheardaboutGeneralMotorstryingtoselltheirNovamodelinLatinAmericaandfindingoutthat“nova”inSpanishliterallymeans“itdoesn’tgo”.Andofcourse,therewasthefamousfirsttryofCocaColainChina,whenthetranslationofthesoftdrink’snameread“bitethewaxtadpole”.1我们几乎都听说过这样一个销售案例:美国通用汽车公司试图在拉丁美洲销售他们的Nova车型,结果发现在西班牙语中,“nova”的字面意思是“它走不了”。当然,同样有名的还有另外一个案例:可口可乐第一次登陆中国市场时,这种软饮料的名字被译成“蛾蚌啃蜡”。Butculturalawarenessinmarketingisalotmorethancarefultranslation.Therearesubtletiesandnuancestoeveryculture,andtherearejustplaintablls.Althoughmostpeoplewouldn’tbeabletolisttherulesoftheirownculture,theycertainlyknowwhenthoserulesareviolated.Ourownculturetenddtobe“invisible”tous,whiledifferenceswerunintowhenabroadstrikeasstrange,funnyorextrotic.Sohowmuchmoredifficultittodiscerntheunwrittenrulesofanothercountry?2但是市场营销中的文化意识却远远不只是小心谨慎的翻译而已。每一种文化都有它的微妙和特别之处,同时还有一些直白的忌讳。虽然大多数人都无法详尽地罗列出他们自己文化中的条条框框,但他们却肯定知道什么时候人们违背了他们的文化传统。对我们来说,自己所属的文化往往是看不见的,但是,当我们身处异地时,我们碰到的文化差异却令我们感到古怪、有趣或奇特。因此,要辨明另一国家不成文的规定到底有多么困难呢?Thereisstillnosubstituteforavisittothetargetmarket.Wheninaforeignplace,you’llundoubtedlybecomeawareofdifferentaesthetica.Whatflavors,whichcolors,areusedtoattractbuyersthere?Foodsyoufindunpalatableanddecorationsyoufindgarishhavecompletelydifferenteffectsonthenatives.YourhostsmightaskseeminglyrudequestionssuchasHowoldareyou?andHowmuchmoneydoyoumake?Meals,schedules,transportation,andpersonalconveniencescan'tbetakenforgranted.Pricesforthesimplestpurchasesaresubjecttonegotiation.Youhaven'tfiguredoutallthesmallcoins,andyoudon'tunderstandanyone'sname.Anditjustdoesn'tsmelllikehome.3看来,去目标市场进行调查仍然是不二之选了。.当你身处异国他乡时,你就肯定会留意到审美观的差异。在那里,到底哪些味道或颜色更容易吸引购买者?你觉得很难吃的东西或很艳俗的装饰品对当地人来说就完全是另一回事。主人可能会问客人一些看似不礼貌的间题,如“你多大啦?”或“你赚多少钱啊?”饮食、日程表、交通、个人便利等等都不能想当然。即便是购买最普通的物品,你也可以讨价还价。你没弄清楚所有的硬币,你也不懂任何人名字的含意。总之,一切都与在国内时不一样。4Avisitisagoldenopportunitytoabsorbthepresent-dayculture.Everydetailthatdiffersfromyourusualpatternisacluetothenationals.Butalsorememberthatlearningthebasicsofcomportmentinanotherculture,thoughveryimportantinyourrelationshipswithclientsandcontacts,isn'tsufficientforplanningafullmarketingcampaign.Thesimplestculturaldifferencescanstrandthegrandestplans.4到目标市场走走也是吸收当今文化的黄金时机。任何与你平时生活模式有所不同的细节都能透露出当地居民的行为方式。但同样要记住的是,在培养和发展与客户或联系人的社会关系时,学会另一文化的规范行为举止虽然很重要,但这并不足以助你做一个全面的营销策划。最简单的文化差异也能搁浅最宏伟的计划。5InJapan,forexample,amajorhouseholdproductscompanyspentmanymillionsofdollarsonamarketingcampaigninadvanceofintroducingitslaundrydetergent.Nevertheless,whenthedetergentwasmadeavailable,saleswereminiscule.Infact,fewshopsstockedthesoap.Non-tarifftradebarriers?No,itwassomethingmuchsimpler.ThetypicallyUSlarge,economy-sizedboxeswerefartoobigandbulkyforthetinyJapaneseretailestablishments.AndJapanesehousewivesdon'tusuallyhavecars——theywalktothestoresandcarrytheirpurchaseshome,toverysmalllivingspaces.5例如,在将其洗涤剂引入日本市场之前,一家大型的家用产品公司花了数百万美金进行了市场营销活动。尽管如此,当他们的洗涤剂在日本上市时,销量却客客无几。事实上,几乎没有商店储备这种肥皂。是非关税贸易壁垒的缘故吗?不是,真正的原因要简单得多。典型的美国式经济大包装对于空间狭小的日本零售店来说俨然是“庞然大物”。而且,日本的家庭主妇一般没有车,她们步行到商店,然后买了商品拎回家—个很小的处所。6Culturalfactorsinfluenceconsumerbehavior.Thesefactorsincludereligion,superstation,familystructure,cuisine,languageandlocalhistorybutestendtoattitudesaboutsuchissuesasgovernment,workauthority,age,environment,spaceandtime,andmale-femalerelationships.Finally,thereisthatdifficult-to-definenationalsenseofhumorwhichoftendoesn'ttranslatefromoneculturetoanother.Beyondconcretedemographics,theseattitudesarenotaseasytocircumscribeandpindown;besides,attitudes,evenculturallyingrainedones,dochange.6不同的文化因素—不仅包括宗教、迷信、家庭结构、饮食、语言和当地的历史,还延伸到对待事物的各种观念如政府、工作、权威、年龄、环境、时空和男女关系—都会影响人们的购买行为。最后,一种文化里的幽默感是很难界定的,而且这种幽默通常难以通过另一种文化领会或设释。除了具体的人口统计数据之外,很难清楚地界定或确定这些观念;而且,即使是带上文化烙印的根深蒂固的各种观念也确确实实在改变。7Thetargetlanguageiseasilydetermined,butbewareofgeneralities.TheSpanishlanguageinSpainisnotthesameasinLatinAmerica.Andwe'veallheardaboutthe10,000spokendialectsinChinese,butalsorealizethattheoldcharacters`arestillusedinSingapore,othernationsandregions.ThesehavelargelybeensupplantedwithsimplifiedcharactersonChina'smainlandthatarenow,sincereunification,beingspreadtoHongKongSAR.MostChineseunder40yearsoldonthemainlandcan'treadtheold-stylewriting.7目标语很容易确定,但切忌笼统概括。在西班牙使用的西班牙语与在拉丁美洲使用的西班牙语并不完全一样。我们都听说过在汉语里大约有10,000种口语方言,而且我们也都意识到新加坡、其他一些国家和地区还在使用繁体汉字。但在中国大陆地区,繁体字已经基本上被简化字取代了。自从香港回归以来,这一趋势也扩展到了香港特别行政区。在大陆,大多数40岁以下的中国人已经不会读繁体字了。8Combinesuperstitionandlanguageforamplifiedeffect.InChinaandJapan,thenumberfourhasthesamepronunciationasthewordthatmeansdeath.Consequently,a4inyourcompanynameorcontactinformationmighthaveanegativeimplication.Thenumbereight,however,isconsideredlucky,andmanyproductsarenamed88or888.Phonenumberswitheightsdenotegoodfortune,andrealestatewitheightsintheaddressislikelytosellmorequickly—especiallyifthepriceendsin888.ThesebeliefsaresoprevalentthathospitalsinHongKongSARwerefloodedwithnear-termpregnantmothersonAugust8th,1988(8/8/88),demandinginduceddeliveryorevenCaesariansectionssotheirbabieswouldhaveluckybirthdays.And1988wasalsotheauspiciousYearoftheDragoninthetraditionalChinesecalendar.8如果你能够把迷信和语言结合起来,你就能增强效果。在中国和日本
本文标题:研究生英语综合教程下unit10_原文+翻译
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