Chinese-English Translation 汉译英教程

Definitionsoftranslation•Translatingistheartofrecomposingaworkinanotherlanguagewithoutlosingitsoriginalflavor.—ColumbiaEncyclopedia•Translatingisthereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL).—J.C.CarfordDefinitionsoftranslation•Translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.（翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。）—EugeneA.Nida•Totranslateistochangeintoanotherlanguage,retainingasmuchofthesenseasonecan.—SamuelJohnsonDefinitionsoftranslation•(Translating)isrenderingthemeaningofatextintoanotherlanguageinthewaytheauthorintendedthetext.—PeterNewmark•Translationisanartthatinvolvesthere-creationofaworkinanotherlanguageforreaderswithadifferentbackground.—MalcolmCowleyDefinitionsoftranslation•Atranslationistakentobeanytarget-languageutterancewhichispresentedorregardedassuchwithinthetargetculture,onwhatevergrounds.—GideonToury•Translationistheproductionofafunctionaltargettextmaintainingarelationshipwithagivensourcetextthatisspecifiedaccordingtotheintendedordemandedfunctionofthetargettext.—ChristianeNordDefinitionsoftranslation•Translationisanexternallymotivatedindustrialactivity,supportedbyinformationtechnology,whichisdiversifiedinresponsetotheparticularneedsofthisformofcommunication.—JeanSagerElementsinvolvedintheprocessoftranslatingAuthorofST—ST—Translator—TT—ReadersofTTElementsinvolvedintheprocessoftranslatingIntermediateinformationreceiverAuthorofST—ST—Translator—TT—ReadersofTTSecondaryinformationdispatcherDefinitionsoftranslation•翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，其本质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。――吕俊•翻译是把具有某一种文化背景的发送者用某种语言（文字）所表述的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言（文字）、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。――沈苏儒DefinitionsoftranslationSenseoflanguage•1.senseofgrammar•2.senseofidiomaticness•3.senseofmeaning•4.senseofstyle•5.senseofsituation•6.senseofcoherence（杨晓荣.汉译能力解析.中国翻译，2002/6）TranslationasatasktobeaccomplishedItissometimessaidthatthereisnotaskmorecomplexthantranslation—aclaimthatcanbereadilybelievedwhenallthevariablesinvolvedaretakenintoaccount.Translatorsnotonlyneedtoknowtheirsourcelanguagewell;theymustalsohaveathoroughunderstandingofthefieldofknowledgecoveredbythesourcetext,andofanysocial,cultural,oremotionalconnotationsthatneedtobespecifiedinthetargetlanguageiftheintendedeffectistobeconveyed.Thesamespecialawarenessneedstobepresentforthetargetlanguage,sothatpointsofspecialphrasing,local(e.g.regional)expectations,andsoon,canallbetakenintoaccount.—CambridgeEncyclopediaofLanguage翻译的性质•翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。意义的交流必须通过语言来实现，而每种语言都是一个独特文化的部分和载体。我们在转换一个文本的语言信息时，也在传达其蕴含的文化意义。翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。Criteriaoftranslation•诸佛典皆在天竺。天竺言语，与汉异音……名物不同，传实不易……仆初嫌其词不雅。维祇难曰：“佛言依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者，当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。”座中咸曰：“老氏称：‘美言不信，信言不美。’……今传胡义，实且径达。”----支谦（《法句经序》）Criteriaoftranslation•夫译之为事难矣，译之将奈何？其平日冥心钩考，必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字，深嗜笃好，字栉句比，以考彼此文字孳生之源，同异之故，所有相当之实义，委曲推究，务审其音势高下，相其字句之繁简，尽其文体之变态，及其义理精深奥折之所以然。夫如是，则一书到手，经营反复，确知其意旨之所在，而又摹写其神情，仿佛其语气，然后心悟神解，振笔而书，译成之文，适如其所译而止，而曾无毫发出入于其间，夫而后能使阅者所得之益，与观原文无异，是则为善译也已。――马建忠（1845－1900，《拟设翻译书院议》，1894）Criteriaoftranslation•“译”事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。……译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。……至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。《易》曰：“修辞立诚”。子曰“辞达而已！”又曰：“言之无文，行之不远”。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。――严复（1854－1921，《天演论·译例言》）•Translationhastodothreedifficultthings:tobefaithful,expressiveandelegant.Foratranslationtobefaithfultotheoriginalisdifficultenough,andyetifitisnotexpressive,itistantamounttohavingnotranslation.Henceexpressivenessshouldalsoberequired….•TheBookofChangessaysthatrhetoricshouldupholdtruthfulness.Confuciussaysthatexpressivenessisallthatmattersinlanguage.Headdsthatifone’slanguagelacksgrace,itwillnottravelfar.Thesequalities,then,arethecriterionofgoodwritingand,Ibelieve,ofgoodtranslationtoo.Hencebesidesfaithfulnessandexpressiveness,atranslatorshouldalsoaimatelegance.(王佐良译）Criteriaoftranslation•译者不但要求达义，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。――林语堂•以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。――傅雷Criteriaoftranslation•文学翻译的最高标准可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语言习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。――钱钟书•真有灵感的译文，像投胎重生的灵魂一般，令人觉得是一种“再创造”。――余光中CriteriaoftranslationWeexpectapproximatetruthintranslation…whatwewanttohaveisthetruestpossiblefeeloftheoriginal.Thecharacters,thesituation,thereflection,mustcometousastheywereintheauthor’smindandbreast,notnecessarilybypreciselyashehadthemonhislips.—OliverEdwardsCriteriaoftranslation•Agoodtranslatoris:1)Togiveajustrepresentationofthesenseoftheoriginal,2)Toconveyintohisversion,asmuchaspossible,inaconsistencywiththegeniusofthelanguagewithwhichhewrites,theauthor’sspiritandmanners,and3)Totakecarethattheversionhasatleastthequalityofanoriginalperformancesoastoappearnaturalandeasy.—GeorgeCampbellCriteriaoftranslation•Thebestofarealtranslationisthatitshouldnotreadliketranslationatall.—J.B.Philips•Notranslation,howeverlearned,isofanyvaluethatdoesnotgiveatleastsomeofthejoytothereadersthatwasgivenbyitsoriginal.—A.J.ArborryCriteriaoftranslation•(Tri-ness)Faithfulness,expressiveness,andgrace