Chinese_Culture--中国文化介绍

China—theMiddleKingdomOverview•9,600,000squarekilometers•1.3billionpeople•fivethousandyears’recordedhistory•56ethnicgroups•23provinces,4municipalities,5autonomousregions,2SARs.GeographyandClimate23Provinces•Anhui•Fujian(Fukien)•Gansu•Guangdong(Canton)•Guizhou•Hainan•Hebei•Heilongjiang•Henan•Hubei•Hunan•Jiangsu•Jiangxi•Jilin•Liaoning•Qinghai•Shandong•Shanxi•Shan'xi(Shaanxi)•Sichuan(Szechuan)•Taiwan•Yunnan•Zhejiang4Municipalities•Beijing(Peking)(北京市)•Chongqing(Chongking)(重庆市)•Shanghai(上海市)•Tianjin(天津市)5AutonomousRegions•GuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion•InnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion•NingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion•TibetAutonomousRegion•XinjiangUyghurAutonomousRegion2SpecialAdministrativeRegions•HongKong(香港)•Macau(澳门)DemographyMainethnicgroupsinChina•Han(1.2billion)•Zhuang(16.1million),•Manchu(10.6million),•Hui(9.8million),•Miao(8.9million),•Uyghur(8.3million),•Tujia(8million),•Yi(7.7million),•Mongol(5.8million),•Tibetan(5.4million),•Buyei(2.9million),•Dong(2.9million),•Yao(2.6million),•Korean(1.9million),•Bai(1.8million),•Hani(1.4million),•Kazakh(1.2million),•Li(1.2million).Economy•Largestmanufacturerandexporter•Secondlargesteconomy•30years’rapiddevelopmentReformandOpeningPolicy（since1978）DengXiaoping(1904~1997)ChinaRailwayHighspeedOnDecember3,2010,a16-carCRH380ALtrainsetaspeedrecordof486.1km/h(302.0mph)onthelineduringatestrun.OnJanuary10,2011,another12-carmodifiedCRH380BLtrainsetaspeedrecordof487.3km/h(302.8mph)duringatestrun.•·Theworld'slargestpoliticalparty(78millionmembers)·FoundedinJuly,1921·ThePartyholdsaNationalCongresseveryfiveyearsCultureTheCultureofChinaisoneoftheworld'soldestandmostcomplexcultures.TheareainwhichthecultureisdominantcoversalargegeographicalregioninEastAsiaandSoutheastAsia(so-calledSinosphere)withcustomsandtraditionsvaryinggreatlybetweenprovincesandregions.•1.Religionandphilosophy•2.Modernbusinessculture&etiquette.•3.Chinesecuisine•4.ArtsandcraftsPhilosophyConfuciusLaoZiShakyamuniConfucianismTaoismBuddhism1.1ConfucianismConfucius•Confucianism(儒家;pinyin:Rújiā)isaChineseethicalandphilosophicalsystemdevelopedfromtheteachingsofConfucius(KǒngFūzǐ,lit.MasterKong,551–478BC).•Itisacomplexsystemofmoral,social,political,philosophical,andquasi-religiousthoughtthathashadtremendousinfluenceonthecultureandhistoryofEastAsia.TeachingsofConfucianism•ThebasicclouofConfucianismstressestheimportanceoftheindividualmoraldevelopment,sothatthestatecanbegovernedbymoralvirtueratherthanbythelaws.•Goldenmean(philosophy):thefelicitousmiddlebetweentheextremesofexcessanddeficiency“Ridthetwoends,takethemiddleone.”•RelationshipsarecentraltoConfucianism.Particulardutiesarisefromone'sspecialsituationinrelationtoothers.Ren仁(benevolence,love)&Li礼(rites)---respectforthesystemofsocialhierarchy.1.2TaoismLaoZi•Laozi(老子;pinyin:Lǎozǐ;)wasaphilosopherofChinaaround6thcenturyB.C.andisacentralfigureinTaoism.•LaoziliterallymeansOldMasterandisgenerallyconsideredanhonorific.•TaoismistheChinesereligionwhichbelievesinghostsandspirits.Itemphasizedcooperationwiththenaturalforces.TeachingsofTaoismWuwei(无为;pinyin:wúwéi)isacentralconceptinTaoism.Theliteralmeaningofwuweiiswithoutaction.Itisoftenexpressedbytheparadoxweiwuwei,meaningactionwithoutactionoreffortlessdoing.1.3BuddhismShakyamuni•Buddhismisareligionandphilosophyencompassingavarietyoftraditions,beliefsandpractices,largelybasedonteachingsattributedtoShakyamuni(Gautama),commonlyknownastheBuddha.•BuddhalivedandtaughtinthenortheasternIndiansubcontinentsometimebetweenthe6thand4thcenturiesBC.BuddhisminChina•BuddhismisthemostimportantreligioninChina.ItisgenerallybelievedthatitwasspreadtoCentralChinain67ADduringtheHanDynasty(206BC-220).•DuringitsdevelopmentinChina,ithasaprofoundinfluenceontraditionalChinesecultureandthoughts,andhasbecomeoneofthemostimportantreligionsinChina.JourneytoTheWestTeachingsoftheBuddhaLifeisfilledwithsuffering.Sufferingiscausedbypeople’swants.•Buddhismpromotescodeofconductinlife.ThatiswhattheycallFivePreceptsofavoidingkilling,stealing,indulging,lyingandalcoholdrinking.Itleadstoself-understanding.KingofMonkeyBriefContents•1.ChineseReligionandPhilosophy:Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhism•2.Modernbusinessculture&etiquette.Relactionship(Guanxi),Face(Lian)•3.Chineseartsandcrafts:Painting,operas,embroidery,chinaandmartialarts•4.Chinesecuisine.2.1Relationship(Guanxi)•“Guanxi”literallymeansrelationships“,standsforanytypeofrelationship.Chinesepeoplecaremoreaboutthesocialrelationshipthancommercialrelationshipindoingthebusiness:“Guanxi”meansonewillbequicktodoafavor,doanythingnecessaryfortheotherparty:Youscratchmyback,I’llscratchyours.•Mostimportantbusinesscannotoccuruntilrelationshipifsound,writtenagreementsecondarytoGuanxi.Guanxiishardtoform,butlonglasting.•Thereciprocalnatureof“GuanxianditsimpliedobligationsisthemainreasonwhyChinesearereticenttoengageindeeperrelationshipswithpeopletheydonotknow.2.2“Face”(LianorMianzi)“Lian”canbetranslatedinto“face”inEnglishwhichisoneofthemostimportantculturaltraitsofChinesepe