高考常考词性变化(高考话题增分必背素材)-2020高考英语大二轮【金版新学案】高中总复习---副本

高考常考词性变化一、名词1．名词转换为名词加后缀，变成指人的名词(1)­erfarm→farmer农场主；农民office→officer官员profession→professor教授author作者mayor市长(2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读七选五)Inanonlineclass，developinghealthypatternsofcommunicationwithprofessorsisveryimportant.在线课程，发展健康的模式与教授沟通是非常重要的。(2)[­ist]science→scientist科学家tour→tourist旅行者violin→violinst小提琴手novel→novelist小说家special→specialist专家(2019·北京卷阅读D)Herecommendedthatshedosomeresearchandtalktodentistsaboutwhatahealthiercandywouldcontain.他建议她做一些研究，和牙医谈谈健康的糖果应该含有什么。(3)[­ian]music→musician音乐家Canada→Canadian加拿大人America→American美国人(2019·江苏卷)Themusicianalongwithhisbandmembershasgiventenperformancesinthelastthreemonths.这位音乐家和他的乐队成员在过去三个月里共演出了10场。(4)[­ese]Japan→Japanese日本人China→Chinese中国人(2019·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B)Ofcourse，notonlyaretoday’stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina－someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.当然，不仅是今天的西方顶级设计师正在受到中国最好的设计师的影响，当代时尚一些最好的设计师本身就是中国人。2.名词的变化规律(1)规则变化类别规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加­smap→maps，desk→desks，table→tables，tower→towers以s，x，sh，ch结尾在词尾直接加­esclass→classes，box→boxes，dish→dishes，peach→peaches，但stomach例外，其后直接加­s以o结尾的在词尾直接加­eshero→heroes，Negro→Negroes，tomato→tomatoes，potato→potatoes在词尾直接加­sradio→radios，photo→photos，piano→pianos，kilo→kilos以“辅音字母＋y”结尾变y为i，再加­esfamily→families，city→cities，party→parties以“元音字母＋y”结尾直接加­sboy→boys，monkey→monkeys，key→keys以f或fe结尾多数变f或fe为v后加­esshelf→shelves，wolf→wolves，life→lives，knife→knives，wife→wives少数词尾加­s这些词包含在以下顺口溜中：海湾边，屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望，谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。这些名词分别是gulf，roof，chief，serf，belief，proof，handkerchief以sis结尾的外来词变sis为sesbasis→bases，analysis→analyses，crisis→crises(2)不规则变化类别例词单复数同形deer，sheep，Chinese，aircraft，means，series，species，headquarters单数形式复数意义people，police，cattle复数形式单数意义news，physics，politics合成词变复数passer­by→passers­by，son­in­law→sons­in­law，looker­on→lookers­on，go­between→go­betweens，grown­up→grown­ups词形变化man→men，child→children，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，mouse→mice，medium→media二、动词转换为名词1．动作执行者(1)[­er(­or，­ar)]own→owner物主organize→organizer组织者begin→beginner初学者complete→completitor竞争者visit→visitor参观者administrate→administrator管理者beg→beggar乞丐lie→liar说谎者Theadministratorsaidwewereentitledtoapaidleavefortendaysannuallyduringthefirstfiveyears.领导告诉我们在工作的前5年每年可享受10天的带薪假期。(2)[­ant]apply→applicant申请人assist→assistant助理Inordertogetagoodjob,manyapplicantspouredintothejobmarket.为了得到好的工作岗位，许多求职者涌入了招聘市场。2．­al表示“人、物”行为approve→approval赞成svrvive→svrvivor幸存arrive→arrival到达refuse→refusal拒绝propose→proposal建议；提议Hisrefusaltodiscussthematterisveryannoying.他拒绝商量这件事，令人很恼火。3．­ance/­ence表示性质、状态或行为accept→acceptance接受appear→appearance出现，外表assist→assistance帮助depend→dependence依赖，依靠differ→difference不同enter→entrance进入exist→existence存在guide→guidance指导insure→insurance保险occur→occurrence发生perform→performance履行prefer→preference优先权，偏好refer→reference参考resist→resistance抵制tolerate→tolerance容忍(2019·天津卷书面表达)Personally，I’dwanttolearnaboutwesternpainting.Severalreasonsmayaccountformypreference.就我个人而言，我想学习西方绘画。有几个原因可以解释我的偏好西方绘画的原因。4．[­ion/tion]表示状态或行为adopt→adoption采纳，收养attract→attraction吸引，吸引力act→action行动collect→collection收集compete→competition比赛，竞争connect→connection连接construct→construction建设describe→description描述direct→direction方向，指导edit→edition编辑，版本elect→election选举exhibit→exhibition展览expect→expection期待；期望intend→intention打算，意图interrupt→interruption打断instruct→instruction指令introduce→introduction介绍object→objection反对protect→protection保护produce→production生产prevent→prevention防止react→reaction反应receive→reception接收，接待处recognize→recognition认出reject→rejection驳斥reduce→reduction减少repeat→repeation重复suggest→suggestion建议select→selection挑选(2018·北京卷书面表达)Alltheinternationalstudentswerequiteinterestedinmyintroduction.所有的国际学生都对我的介绍很感兴趣。(2017·全国卷Ⅲ阅读D)Weallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdown.我们都必须接受，随着年龄的增长，我们的反应会变慢。5．­ation表示状态或行为accelerate→acceleration加速adapt→adaptation改编，适应apply→application申请，应用appreciate→appreciation欣赏，感激associate→association联想，协会celebrate→celebration庆祝congratulate→congratulation祝贺combine→combination结合communicate→communication交流concentrate→concentration集中contribute→contribution贡献consider→consideration考虑conserve→conservation保护decide→decision决定declare→declaration宣布decorate→decoration装饰depress→depression沮丧determine→determination决定devote→devotion致力discuss→discussion讨论divide→division分配donate→donation捐赠educate→education教育examine→examination考试expect→expectation期待explain→explanation解释explore→exploration探索form→formation形成frustrate→frustration沮丧graduate→graduation毕业imagine→imagination想象indicate→indication指出inform→information通知inspire→inspiration激发，灵感investigate→investigation调查invite→invitation邀请hesitate→hesitation犹豫liberate→liberation解放locate→location定位motivate→motivation动力relax→relaxation放松，休闲observe→observation观察occupy→occupation占用，职业operate→operation操作，手术organize→organization组织realize→realization实现，领悟participate→participation参加prepare→preparation准备promote→promotion促进pronounce→pronunciation发音recommend→recommendation推荐starve→starvation挨饿satisfy→satisfaction满足separate→separation分离transport→transportation运输translate→translation翻译(2018·江苏卷阅读C)WeattheNYFCneedbroadsupportasweurgeCongresstoincreasefarmlandconservation.