高放废物地质处置及其若干关键科学问题-王驹

254Vol.25No.420064ChineseJournalofRockMechanicsandEngineeringApril20062005103020051227(1964)[e-mail](100029)(())TL942+.211A10006915(2006)04080112GEOLOGICALDISPOSALOFHIGH-LEVELRADIOACTIVEWASTEANDITSKEYSCIENTIFICISSUESWANGJuCHENWeimingSURuiGUOYonghaiJINYuanxin(BeijingResearchInstituteofUraniumGeologyChinaNationalNuclearCorporationBeijing100029China)AbstractSafedisposalofhighlevelradioactivewasteisachallengingtaskfacingthescientificandtechnologicalworld.Thispaperintroducesthelatestprogressofhighlevelradioactivewastedisposalprogramsintheworldanddiscussesthekeyscientificissuesasfollows(1)theprecisepredictionoftheevolutionofarepositorysite(2)thecharacteristicsofdeepgeologicalenvironment(3)thebehaviourofdeeprockmassgroundwaterandengineeringmaterialundercoupledconditions(intermediatetohightemperaturesgeostresshydraulicchemicalbiologicalandradiationprocessetc)(4)thegeochemicalbehaviouroftransuranicradionuclideswithlowconcentrationanditsmovementwithgroundwaterand(5)thesafetyassessmentofdisposalsystem.Severallarge-scaleresearchprojectsandseveralhottopicsrelatedwithhigh-levelwastedisposalarealsointroduced.Keywordshigh-levelradioactivewastegeologicaldisposalundergroundresearchlaboratorykeyscientificissues1(1)()(2)(3)•802•2006(4)(5)5001000m()()1×104a219575ESF65.845a200220104471.084×1032003195749a49a(2001Okiluoto2002)[111]2.1(1)(ICRP64)(ICRP77)(RAWASS)(2)(3)254.•803•100a(4)(5)20102020200615a2006200220082018(6)()(7)20015Olkiluoto200272(ForsmarkOskarshamn)20062002(8)(9)(10)ÄspöMolURLGrimselMontTerriMeuse/HauteMarneESF(11)2.22.2.1104[27]20309.0×103t8.5×104t100a3a58761998201020a20027(1.7×105m3)(WIPP)1999319762010435a2.2.24[27910]12(2)51.6%20107.9×104tSimpevarp(CLAB)•804•2006(SKB)()20702080Stripa1995Aspö()197622007(1)(2)(3)(SKI)(4)(SSI)SKI(5)(KASAM)SKISSI(6)(SKB)2.2.31196120(1)[27]39%()7.6×104m38.4×103m320402.97×105m32.4×104m3908m32.814×103m31021Bq(1)(BMU)(BfS)(2)(BMWi)(BGR)(3)(DBE)BfSDBE203020020602060Asse(19671978)70Morse-leben()197119981976(Gorleben)19771979198442000m5001000m198619942840m199620002001611DBE2001960(1)(2)Asse(3)(4)(5)Asse(6)BGRDBEAsse254.•805•(1978)GrimselMontTerriÄspöMeuse/HauteMarne2.2.45[27]40.6%3.0×103t(500m3)(Nagra)208072000m2GrimselMontTerri2.2.559[27]78.2%20405.0×103m38.3×104m3(ANDRA)20803Meuse/HauntMarne()Vienne()Gard()(50)VienneMeuse/HauntMarne20002004200619911230200615a2.2.616[27]14.2%(AECL)6.0×103t5001000mWhiteShell197320252.2.717(53)[27]35.2%5.3×104t2000(NUMO)200232393a200510(JNC)(JAERI)/19932000H3H122005H17197621000m150m500m2.2.82[27]EurajokiOlkiluoto2840MWTVOLoviisaHastholmen2488MWFortum32%1.2×103t40a2.6×103t60a4.0×103t1•806•2006(KTM)(STUK)PosivaOyKBS3500m46.0()12.012.52.016.53.046.0201020202070Olkiluoto119781982198319832000200151593Olkiluoto2.2.914[27]862200820082.7×103MW6.7×103MW2.2.1014[27]113CANDU46.3%20152820008441320202565203.233×103t201020201.1×1041.9×104t200620082016(AFR)(KAERI)1000/3.6×104t(500m)50a(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)MASCOT(6)(7)Alligator3(1)(2)11(254.•807•)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)()(genericundergroundresearchlaboratory)StripaÄspöAsseURLGrimselMontTerri(1)1Table1Genericundergroundresearchlaboratory/m1Asse19952URL240420Manitoba198420083(Tono)13519864(Kamaishi)30019985(Mizunami)10006(Horonobe)5007Stripa360410197619928Äspö460199019959Grimsel(GTS)450198310Mt.Terri400199511Fanay-Augeres1701980199012Tournemire250199013Amelie1986199414Climax4201978198315G-Tunnel4251979199020a(site-specificundergroundresearchlaboratory)ESFOlkiluotoMeuse/HauntMarn(2)2Table2Site-specificundergroundresearchlaboratory/m1HADES(URF)230Mol198019842Olkiluoto(ONKALO)601001992ONKALO3Gorleben840198520014WIPP()6501982199935ESF()30019986Meuse/HauteMarne5002000200474504CANDU()170t20202.0103t•808•20061.0103t(3)8103t1985[1113]/()[1222]19992003420058132114120()2155.1(())(1)(110)105a(110)105a()(2)3001000m254.•809•(3)()(4)()()()(5)9292129(6)()5.23[110]5.3•810•20063[110]Table3Severallarge-scaleresearchprojectsintheworld[110]1URFOlkiluotoGTS2ÄspöZEDEXGTSEDZMt.TerriURLÄspö3OlkiluotoMt.TerriStripa4ÄspöMt.Terri56()URLCERBERUSURLAsseTSSGTSFEBEXMt.TerriStripamock-upmock-upDECOVALEX7()GTSFEBEXMt.TerriStipaURLURFRESEALmock-upmock-upBIG-BEN8ÄspöESFURL9Äspö10tESDRED10PocosdeCaldasKoongarraARAPASARRMaqariaElBerrocalGTS254.•811•5.3.1(1)()(2)(3)(4)(5)5.3.2(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)CAD/(19)5.3.3(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)()(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)()(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)5.3.4(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)6(())•812•2006(References)[1].[M].2001.(OECD/NEA.GeologicalDisposalofRadioactiveWasteReviewoftheLastDecade[M].BeijingAtomicEnergyPress2001.(inChinese))[2]OECD/NEA.Geologicalrepositoriespoliticalandtechnicalprogress[A].InWorkshopProceedings[C].StockholmSweden[s.n.]2003.112.[3]OECD/NEA.Engineeredbarriersystems(EBS)inthecontextoftheentiresafetycase[A].InWorkshopProceedings[C].OxfordUnitedKingdom[s.n.]2002.127.[4]IAEA.InternationalConferenceonthesafetyofradioactivewastedisposal[R].TokyoJapanIAEACN135372005.[5]IAEA.Internationalconferenceonissuesandtrendsinradioactivewastemanagement[R].ViennaAus