变动成本法与吸收成本法(ppt 58)(英文版)

OverheadApplication:VariableandAbsorptionCosting变动成本法与吸收成本法AbsorptionCosting吸收成本法Asystemofaccountingforcostsinwhichbothfixedandvariableproductioncostsareconsideredproductcosts.FixedCostsVariableCostsProductVariableCosting变动成本法Asystemofcostaccountingthatonlyassignsthevariablecostofproductiontoproducts.FixedCostsVariableCostsProductAbsorptionandVariableCostingAbsorptionCostingVariableCostingDirectmaterialsDirectlaborProductcostsProductcostsVariablemfg.overheadFixedmfg.overheadPeriodcostsPeriodcostsSelling&Admin.exp.AbsorptionandVariableCostingAbsorptionCostingVariableCostingDirectmaterialsDirectlaborProductcostsProductcostsVariablemfg.overheadFixedmfg.overheadPeriodcostsPeriodcostsSelling&Admin.exp.Thedifferencebetweenabsorptionandvariablecostingisthetreatmentoffixedmanufacturingoverhead.Let’sputsomenumberstoanexampleandseewhatwecanlearnaboutthedifferencebetweenabsorptionandvariablecosting.AbsorptionandVariableCostingGreenbergCasesee:P581Variablecosting•Fixedfactoryoverheadnottobeallocatedtotheproductsmanufactured.•Unitproductcostonlyincludesvariablemanufacturingcosts(directmaterials,directlabor,variablefactoryoverhead)Unitproductcost20X020X1Directmaterial$1.31.3Directlabor1.51.5Variablefactoryoverhead0.20.2Standardvariablemanufacturingcost$3$3Unitproductcost$3$3Endinginventorycost30,000×310,000×3Salesrevenue(140,000@$5)700,000Variableexpenses:Openinginventory0+costofgoodsmanufactured(170,000@$3)510,000-endinginventory(30,000@$3)90,000costofgoodssold(140,000@$3)420,000variablesellingexpense(5%ofsales)35,000Totalvariableexpenses455,000ContributionMargin245,000Fixedexpenses:fixedfactoryoverhead150,000fixedsellingandadministrativeexpenses65,000totalfixedexpenses215,00Operatingincome(variablecosting)30,000Salesrevenue(160,000@$5)800,000Variableexpenses:Openinginventory(30,000@$3)90,000+costofgoodsmanufactured(140,000@$3)420,000-endinginventory(10,000@$3)30,000costofgoodssold(160,000@$3)480,000variablesellingexpense(5%ofsales)40,000Totalvariableexpenses520,000ContributionMargin280,000Fixedexpenses:fixedfactoryoverhead150,000fixedsellingandadministrativeexpenses65,000totalfixedexpenses215,00Operatingincome(variablecosting)65,000Absorptioncosting•Fixedfactoryoverheadtobeallocatedintotheproductmanufactured.•Unitcostofproductincludesallmanufacturingcosts(directmaterial,directlabor,variablefactoryoverhead,andfixedfactoryoverhead)StandardunitcostexpectedFixedfactoryoverhead$150,000tobeallocatedintotheproductsunderfixedoverheadrate.Fixedoverheadrate=budgetedFFO/expectedvolumeofproduction=$150,000/150,000=$1Productionvolumevariance=(actualvolume–expectedvolume)×fixedoverheadrateStandardunitcostofproduct=standardvariablemanufacturingcost+fixedoverheadrate=$3+$1=$4Unitcost20X020X1Directmaterial$1.3Directlabor1.5Variablefactoryoverhead0.2Standardvariablemanufacturingcost$3$3Totalfixedfactoryoverhead$150,000$150,000ExpectedProductionunits150,000150,000Unitfixedfactoryoverhead$11Unitproductcost$4$4Endinginventorycost30,000×410,000×4Salesrevenue(140,000@$5)700,000costofgoodssold:Openinginventory0+costofgoodsmanufactured(170,000@$4)580,000-endinginventory(30,000@$4)120,000costofgoodssold(140,000@$4)560,000Grossmargin140,000Production-volumevariance(170,000–150,000)20,000Grossprofitatactual160,000Sellingexpenses65,000Sellingcommissions(5%ofsales)35,000Operatingincome(variablecosting)60,000Salesrevenue(160,000@5)800,000costofgoodssold:Openinginventory(30,000$4)120,00+costofgoodsmanufactured(140,000@4)560,000-endinginventory(10,000@4)40,000costofgoodssold(160,000@4)640,000Grossmargin160,000Production-volumevariance(140,000–150,000)-10,000Grossprofitatactual150,000Sellingexpenses65,000Sellingcommissions(5%ofsales)40,000Operatingincome(variablecosting)45,000Variablecosting20X020X1Salesrevenue700,000800,000Variableexpenses455,000520,000Contributionmargin245,000280,000Fixedexpenses215,000215,000Operationincome30,00065,000Beginninginventory090,000Endinginventory90,00030,000Absorptioncosting20X020X1Salesrevenue700,000800,000manufacturingcost560,000640,000Grossmargin140,000160,000Productionvariance20,000-10,000Non-manufacturingexpenses100,000105,000Operationincome60,00045,000Beginninginventory0120,000Endinginventory120,00040,000SelectionofexpectedactivitylevelforcomputingthefixedoverheadrateFixedoverheadrate=budgetedFFO/expectedvolumeofproductionThehigherthelevelofactivity,thelowertherateTherearethreewaystodecidethelevelofactivityActualcostingNormalcostingStandardcostingDirectmaterialsActualcostsActualcostsstandardpriceorrate×standardinputsallowedforactualoutputachievedDirectlaborActualcostsActualcostsFactoryoverheadActualcostsBudgetedrate×actualinputsUnderActualCostingAllocatefixedfactoryoverheadintoproductsUnitcost20X020X1Directmaterial$1.3Directlabor1.5Variablefactoryoverhead0.2Standardvariablemanufacturingcost$3$3Totalfixedfactoryoverhead$150,000$150,000Productionunits170,000140,000Unitfixedfactoryoverhead$0.8821.071Unitproductcost$3.882$4.071Endinginventorycost30,000×3.88210,000×4.071Salesrevenue(140,000@5)700,000costofgoodssold:Open