2012高考英语语法：高考定语从句讲解

1.[1983]Thedoctor_____isleavingforAfricanextmonth.A.thenurseistalkingtohimB.whomthenurseistalkingC.thenursistalkingtoD.Whothenurseistalking2.[1985]Hedidn’tknowwhichroom_____.A.theylivedB.theylivedinC.didtheyliveD.didtheylivein3.[1992]Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.ThatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom一.介词加关系代词注意1.含介词的引导词，其介词可放在引导词whom,which前或在从句原来的位置上。介词不提前，其在从句中作宾语的引导词who,whom,that,which可省。但含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，如lookafter,bemadeof,takepartin,lookforwardto等。例：Thebabies(who/whom)thenurseslookafterlookstrongandhappy.2.where=at/in/to…+whichwhen=at/in/on/during+whichwhy=forwhich例：Thisistheschoolwhere/atwhichIusedtoteach.Theystoodatthewindow,fromwheretheycouldseewhatwashappeninginthestreet.whosebook=thebookofwhich=ofwhichthebook二.在下列情况下只用that，不用which①先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,little,much,theone等不定代词时Thereisnothing(that)Icando.Imeantheonethatwasbroughtyesterday.②先行词被all,any,every,no,some,little,much等词修饰时Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.Youmaytakehomeanyofthesebooksthatyoulike.③先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.Thisisthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.④先行词被theonly,thevery(正是,恰是),thesame,thelast修饰时Thewhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthehospital.ThisisthesamewatchthatIlostyesterday.⑤当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that引导(that既可指人也可指物)Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.that不能引导非限制性定语从句that不能置于介词之后（介词后指物用which,指人用whom）关系代词作定语从句中系动词的表语时,或先行在主句中作表语Whatgreatchanges!Itisnotthecity(that)itwastenyearsago.2.mostof+which/whom引导的定语从句属非限定性定语从句，从句前应有逗号与主句分开，除most外，还有many,some,any,all,none,several,few,both,half,themajority,anumber,theyoungest,three(数词)infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebackof,atthebottomof,onthetopof,atthefootof+which等。例：Heworksinamiddleschool,infrontofwhichthereisariver.1.无关系代词that,只有whichwhowhom三．在非限制性定语从句中３.在非限制性定语从句中的as,which1).thesame…as,such…as,so…as,as…as等结构中,只用asThisisnotsuchabookasIexpected.Iliveinthesamebuildingashe(livesin).Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.Asmanychildrenascamehereweremyfather’spupils.2).as的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：1．ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述2．asmaybeimagined正如可以想象出来的那样3．asiswellknown众所周知4．aswasexpected正如预料的那样5．ashasbeenalreadypointedout正如已经指出的那样6．asweallcansee正如我们都会看到的那样3).as替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。Themandiedlastnight,whichisalie.四.定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。例如：1.Herearesuchsentencesasareoftenusedbythestudents.(as指代sentences,谓语动词用are)。2.I,whoamaPartymember,shouldworkhardforourcountry.(who指代I,谓语用am.)。3.Hewasoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedforit.(who指代thestudents)他是被表扬的学生之一。4.Hewastheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedforit.(who指theonlyone)他是唯一被表扬的学生。五.易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句1.定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“…的”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：①Weallhaveheardthenewsthatourteamwon.(同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that在从句中不作任何成分)②Wedon’tbelievethenewsthat/whichhetoldusyesterday.(定语从句，that作told的宾语)2.定语从句与状语从句。试比较：①Heleftthekeywherehehadbeenanhourbefore.(where引导地点状语从句，相当于intheplacewhere)②Helefttheplacewherehelivedformanyyears.(where引导定语从句，修饰theplace)③Heissuchagoodteacherasallofusloveandrespect.(as引导定语从句)④Heissuchagoodteacherthatwealllikehim.(that引导结果状语从句,such…that…“如此…以致…”)3．定语从句与主语从句。试比较：①Asisknowntousall,paperwasfirstmadeinChina.(as引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首)②ItisknowntousallthatpaperwasfirstmadeinChina.(it做形式主语，代替that引导的主语从句)4．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：①ItisthehousewhereImettheyoungman.(where引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)②ItwasinthehousethatImettheyoungman.(本句为强调结构，可还原为Imettheyoungmaninthehouse.)1.Itistheyoungman_______lookedfor_______caughtthemurderer.A.that…whoB.that…theyC.they…thatDthey…which2.Isthisfactory_______wevisitedlastyear?A.whereBinwhichCtheoneDatwhich3.Thebook,thecover_______isbroken,isnotmine.A.ofitBforCwhoseDofwhich4.ThisisMrSmith,_____Ithinkhassomethinginterestingtotellyou.A.whoBwhomC.thatD.x5.Who_______hasseentheTVfilmdoesn’tadmireit?A.thatBwhoCwhichDas分析：先行词是who，到是指人，可为了避免重复，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。7.Thisisthelasttime____Ishallgiveyoualesson.A.whenBthatCwhichDinwhich分析：答案是B。这里的time不指时间，而是次数。且先行词time被thelast所修饰,所以用that引导。8.Idon’tliketheway_____youlaughather.A.thatBonwhichCwhichDas9.____haveplentyofmoneywillhelptheirfriend.A.ThosewhoB.HewhoC.ThatwhoD.Youwho10.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_____Ilivedinthefarm____youvisitedlastweek.A.when,whereB.which,whichC.when,whichD.which,where6.YoucanneverimaginewhatgreattroubleIhavehad____thepatientwhoreceivedaseriouswound.A.treatB.totreatCtreatingDtreated注：havetrouble(difficult)doingsth六.定语从句可缩略为短语：1、缩略为分词短语有些定语从句可直接略去作主语的关系代词（who,which,例如：1)Iknowthemen(whoare)sittinginthatcar.(IME2)Theboyshelpedthepeople(thatwere)hurtintheaccident.(ib).3)Theproblem(whichis)botheringeverybodyisthelackofmoney.(ib)4)Thebook(thathasbeen)giventohimisanEnglishnovel.(NEC)语小说。有些定语从句不能按上述方法直接缩略，而需变动词为这类定语从句一般缩略为现在分词短语，且在缩略时要考虑现在分词的时态和词态特征。例如：5)Themanwhoownsthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking→Themanowningthatcarwillbefinedforillegalparking.6)Bill,