低碳经济理念实践创新

[]2008-07-12[]973(2004CB719706),(20436040)(2006BAC02A17)[](1935-),,,,,,;(1968-),,,,,:,,,(,100084)[]CO2,5,,[];;;[]F4[]A[]1009-1742(2008)09-0004-101(lowcarboneconomyoreconomyoflowcarbonexhaustionandlowcarbondioxideemis2sion)2003:,,,,(1),CO2,50108tCO2CO2,50%;;,20072880.6104t,14619.8104t,24208.6104t,778.5108t,442487.46104t,20%,,40%[1]1(:Gt)[2]Fig.1Thesketchmapofcarbonstoresandcarboncycling,,GDP,CO2(2),1995,GDP(2)GDP4,30%(1),,[3]2GDPGDPFig.2TheGDP,totalenergyconsumptionandenergyconsumptionpertenthousandsyuanGDPinChina1(2005)Table1ThecomparisonoftheindustrialenergyconsumptionofChinawiththeleadingleverintheworld(2005)()()/g(kWh)-1379312/()kg705610/(kgt-1)157127.3/(kgt-1)9876/(kgt-1)969785/(kgt-1)1200970(1),(),,CO2()CO2,1,:,,CO2,CO2,,,2,GDP2005,2.1tCO2/t,2.34tCO2/t,2.67tCO2/t,[4],20062007,2157104kW1.12,4659104t/a3747104t/a8700104t/a,2007GDP20063.27%,GDPCOD3.14%,SO24.66%,,,,,,,,(),70%,10108t,,;CaSO4,,,GDP70%,CO211.09t/a,CO21.95t/a200416.1tCO2,343:(),,CO23,2,CO2,,CO2,CO2CO2,CO2[5],CO2,,(),CO2()20083,2010200104t/a,20104t,2010,20057.5%,10%,3108t,,,,,,,,CO2,,(),2CO2Table2TheexhaustedCO2valuesofcommonfuelsCO225.9MJ/kg0.117kgCO2/MJ()18.86MJ/kg0.0925kgCO2/MJ36.78MJ/kg0.085kgCO2/MJ55.74MJ/kg0.049kgCO2/MJ45013,,,CO24.1CO2CO2,CO24.1.1,,200612.4108t,50%,15%,(3),22%,11%,50100,5kg/t,(,,),(4),4.1.2(COREX),,:CO,CO,(5)1t,400500kgCO,,,63Fig.3Analysisoftheenergyflowofacementproduction4Fig.4Out2kilndecomposingprocessofacementproduction5Fig.5TheflowchartoftheCOREXprocess4.1.3,1t32003320kWh2060,Sheffield,(6),,,9030%35%60%65%,1H2;2;3;4;5;66[6]Fig.6Thehydrogenplasmamethodtoproduceacetylene(TRT),40%50%,2.5,CO2N2,,,,,,,4.24.2.1,,/,,(7):,,;,,,,,720081092000104t,2000,29,2114104t;2006,43,4510104t3,,,,,CO27Fig.7Therefiningrouteofheavypetroleum3[7]Table3Thecapacitiesofpetroleumoilrefinery74715104t,17.54%10570104t,32.54%24140104t,5.66%4510104t,13.88%229408104t,17.54%9233104t,28.42%:4.2.2,V(H2)V(CO)=21,(V(H2)V(CO)=11),(CO+H2OCO2+H2),H2,,3108t,1t250300m3,,200m3/1tV(H2)V(CO)=101,,100104t/a,10104tO2,,,Shell,,44.2.3,//(),4Table4ThesynthesisofmethanolwithtwogassourcesCOH2CO2CH463%16%10%1%6%59%2%27%V(H2)V(CO)=21:F-T:20CO+41H2C20H42+20H2O=282360=0.7812CO+4H2CH3OCH3+H2O=4618=2.51,CC,0.78t1t,50%;,CHCO,CC,2.5t1t,25%,,,,8,4.3,CO25CO28,:,,,,:,,,CO2,-3,,8Fig.8Analysisoftheenergyconsumptionofcoalchemicalengineering,,,CO2,,,5CO2(tCO2/t)Table5TheexhaustedCO2ratiosofseveralchemicalproducts(tCO2/tproduct)CO2/+CO2/+CO2/+CO2/+9.25.63.84.35.95.33.511.41.211.612.519.24.4CO2CO2,CO2,4.4.1CO2,CO220%,CO2,,N2CO2,CO29(),(Cu,Fe,Ni,Mn),,(CH4)CO2H2O,,,CO2,,,,,CO29Fig.9ChemicalloopingcomubstionforgeneratingelectricityCO2,,CO2N2,104.4.2CO2,,CaCO3CO2,CO2,,CO2,,,22,200612.4108t/a,,9200810910(L.S.Fan)[8]Fig.10Theprocessofcoalgasificationandcombustionwithcalciumlooping(L.S.Fanteam)4.5CO2CO2,Kolbe2Schmitt1890,CO2CO2,4.5.1CO2,11CO2NH3,(DMC)CO2,(MDI),MDI,MDI11Fig.11Tworoutesformethylcarbonatesynthesisprocess4.5.2CO2COCO2COCO2,CO2COCO,,CO4.5.3CO2CO2CO2:CO2CH4,CO2;CO2,CH4CO2,,CH4CO2CH4CO2,,250[9],,CH4CO2CO2CH4CO2,CH4CO2,850,90%,,01(:),,4.5.4CO2CO2,25%35%40%50%,CO2,,,CO2CO2,CO2,4.5.5CO2CO2,,CO2,,19802005,30.6108tCO2,,1.42.21012t,,0.03%0.09%,180104540104t/a,4.5.6CO2,CO2,,F.J.Martin,N.L.Kubic(greenfreedom)[10],5,,20072300104,1000104,800104,530104t,3500104t,300104400104t,1200104t,8400t(),,,,CO21t,100200t,100,2tSO2,3t,10t1t,4m3,250t,512kWh,CO2,,,,6,CO26.1,400108m2,20.7%2004,1.6108t/,11.4%,()5500108kWh,27%29%202056%,110108m2,202020042.5108t,58001086300108kWh,,,,20012,,20L/m2,7L/m2(10.5kg/m2)BASF,3,15%,BASF1,,3%;;,10,()112008109(NASA),,,,9%18%,,6.2CO2,,,,,;2006,2.76108t,1.4108t,346kgCO2,,,CO2,,30%,,,,13%,50%,50%95%,4%6%,0.3%0.5%,,CO2,200865,:a.,48g;b.48g;c.45min,1kg;d.,,2.3kg;e.,CO21/3;f.,,3minCO27,,:a.;b.,(),;c.,,;d.,,;e.,2007,2007()7200104t,5200104t,5000104t,(64%)8000104t,CO21.3108t,,2008,197,,,200032.6,,2004[2],(),8,,,,CO2,,[1].:[N].,2008-3-2121[2]/21.[M].:,2004[3].:[J].2008,18(3):1-7[4].[R].:,2008[5]FriedlA,PadouvasE,RotterH,etal.Predictionofheatingval2uesofbiomassfuelfromelementalcomposition[J].AnalyticaChimicaActa,2005,544(1-A2):191-198[6]FauchaisP,BourdinE,AubretonJ,etal.Plasmachemistryanditsapplicationstothesynthesisofacetylenefromhtdrocarbonsandcoal[J].InternationalChemicalEngineering,1980,20(2):289-305[7].2020[R].:,2007[8]FanLS,IyerM.Coalcleansupitsact[J].TCE,784:36-38[9]HuangW,XieKC,WangJP,etal.Possibilityofdirectconver2sionofCH4andCO2tohigh-valueproducts[J].JournalofCa2talysis,2001,201(1):100-104[10]MartinFJ,KubicWL,GreenFreedom.Aconceptforprodu2cingcarbon-neutralsyntheticfuelsandchemicals[R].NewMexico:LosAlamosNationalLaboratory,2007Lowcarboneconomy:idea,applicationandinnovationJinYong,WangYao,HuShanying,ZhuBing(DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China)[Abstract]Somethoughtsonalowcarboneconomywereproposedtosolvethecontradictionbetweeneco2nomicdevelopmentandthedemandsforrawmaterialsandtheresultingenvironmentdeterioration.Fromaconsider2ationofChinasenergyconsumptionandcarbondioxideemissionpatt