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TheDifferencebetweensubjectofChineseandEnglishComparisonofCharacteristicsofSubjectofChineseandEnglish计算机很有用。Thecomputerisuseful.计算是第一步。Thefirststepistocalculate.冷静才能计算得准确。Exactcalculationdependsonacalmmind.十六两算不准。Miscalculationsarepossibleifyoucountiton16-liangsystem.ConstructionofChineseandEnglishSentences实在太荒唐。It’sutterlyabsurd.是我不好。It’smyfault.热得我满头大汗。I’mallinasweat.又盖了许多楼堂馆所。Manytallbuildings,bigmansions,hotelsandguesthouseswerebuilt有你的份。You’vegotyourshare.我们盖了一栋房子。施事主语房子盖在西院。受事主语房子我们已经盖好了。受事、施事并列主语,施受关系。住户家具都搬进屋了。受事、施事在形式上并列主语,领属关系。去年又盖了一栋房子。时间句法结构东院又盖了一栋房子。地点这些材料只够盖一栋房子。与事主语这些材料我们只能盖一栋房子。与事、施事在形式上并列主语,施用关系财务方面我们不了解情况。与事、施事在形式上并列主语,关涉关系英语的主谓提挈机制-6个基本句型Thepolicemenarecarefullysearchingtheroom.Thegirlisnowastudentatthiscollege.Thedoorwaspaintedyesterday.Itrainedsteadilyallday.Ihadtakenthemedicinetwiceby6P.M.Theymakehimthechairmaneveryyear.SV有以下几个显著的共同点:1.每一个句子结构都有一个不可或缺的、作为核心、作为基本构架的SV结构;2.每一个句子结构都以SV作为句子的起点,做顺线性延伸;没有SV,即可谓“群龙无首”。3.S与V之间有严谨的形式连接规范;而英语的动词则又具备纷繁多变的动词变化形式。英语中有许多动词句型必须与主语配合,从而形成种种以SV的提挈机制而派生出的SV种种句子类型。我吃了一碗饭。Iateabowlofrice.这碗饭我不吃了。I’mnotgoingtoeatthisbowlofrice.桌上搁着一碗饭。Abowlofriceisonthetable.锅里正在蒸饭。Riceisbeingsteamedinthecooker.这点饭够吃吗?Isthericeenough?今儿早上吃的什么饭?Whatdidyouhaveforbreakfastthismorning?汉语的“话题”及界定汉语主语的形态弱势他们将她数落了一顿,可她却连顶他们一句的勇气都没有。Theyscoffedatherbutsheevendidnothavetheplucktotalkback.人不可以无耻,无耻之耻,无耻矣。Amanmustnotbeshameless;beingshamelessisashameinitself.家事、国事、天下事、事事关心。Wemustnotonlyconcernourselveswithpersonalaffairsbuttheaffairsofthestateandtheworld.汉英主语差异总结汉英翻译中的主语转换问题对应Equivalence转换Shift补充SupplementEquivalence苏轼是为才华横溢的文学家。SuShiwasawriterwithsuperbtalent.这种药治感冒特别灵。Thismedicineisdeathoncolds.财源有限,开销无穷。(Our)financialresourcesarelimitedbutexpenseslimitless.以名词作主语:原语以专有名词及普通名词作主语时,名词对应式的可能性很大。以动词或动词短语(非主谓结构或词组)作主语的句子也可以形成对应。作弊不算数。Playingfouldoesn’tholdyourscore.坐下来看不清,站起来才看得清。Sittingobstructsyourview;standingupmakesitbetter.倾囊相助是一种美德。Toemptyone’spursetohelppeopleinneedisofcourseavirtue.Shift词类转换式主语转移推导式主语转移反逆式主语转移主语转移的一般规范词类转换式主语转移我们的自然科学比较落后,要努力向外国学习。Innaturalsciences,weareratherbackwardandhere,weshouldmakeaspecialefforttolearnfromforeigncountries.你走吧,还有我在呢。Offyougo,I’mherecloseathand.日本人的性格是长于出击,你让他随机应变,他并不擅长;我们的性格则是恰恰相反。TheJapanesecharacterissuitedtotakingtheoffensivebutdoesnotadjustreadilytothedefensive.Wearejusttheopposite.她一般到上海就大概年轻了5岁,而她丈夫呢,却老了10年。MovingtoShanghaimayhavetakenfiveyearsoffher,butithasputtenyearsonherhusband.只要稍稍恭维他几句,他就会乐以忘形。Averylittlecomplimentwouldmakehimoverjoyed.游中国当然是必游长城。AmustforalltouriststoChinaisavisittotheGreatWall.推导式主语转移我的法语看报很吃力,你呢?Ican’treadnewspaperinFrenchwithoutdifficulty,howaboutyou?中国的国民意识是把追求家庭幸福提到个人幸福之上,而美国人似乎与此相反。IntheChinesenationalideology,thepursuitoffamilyhappinesshasbeenelevatedoverpersonalhappiness,whilefortheAmericanstheorderseemstobethereverse.台上坐着主席团。ThemembersofthePresidiumaresittingontheplatform.虽然只逗留了两天,但故乡那五彩缤纷的景物却在心中留下了新的投影。Althoughatwo-daystay,abeautifulnewfragmentwasaddedinmymindtotheevolvingmosaicthatishomeland.从本学期开始,学生宿舍客访不得迟于10时,星期天不得迟于晚10时半。Startingwiththissemester,dormresidentswon’tbeabletohaveguestsafter10p.m.onweeknightsor10:30p.m.onweekends.批评家的文字,看在不言之中,最为难解。Theunsaidmeaningsincriticalessaysmakethemthemostdifficulttextstobeunderstood.那天天色昏暗,黄沉沉,似乎要下雨,空荡荡的山谷,一片寂静。Adirty-yellowskyhadthreatenedrainalldayandahollowstillnesshungoverthevalley.珠宝佩戴得体,可令你旧日的衣裳平添色泽。Therightjewellerycanrevitalizetheoldstandbythatyouhavehadinyourwardrobeforyearsandbringitrightintothe“newlook”.反逆式主语转移他这样悍然行事使我们非常气愤。Hotangerburnedinourmindsagainsthimathisflagrantaction.一胎生了三个女儿。Threedaughterswerebornatonebirth.吃饭得用筷子。Chopsticksareusedforeatingmeals.孩子的过往往是父母的错。Thesinsoftheparentsarefrequentlyvisiteduponthechildren.沿路都是小商店。Smallshopsdottheway.战争带来的是灾难。顺译:Warbringsforthmisery.反逆:Miseryfollowswar.业精于勤。顺译:Professionalexpertisecomesfromdiligence.反逆:Diligencebringsaboutprofessionalexpertise.把这些胸针嵌上小巧精美的宝石,那就更具一番风姿,可令女士们着实迷人了。Setwithsmallbutperfectstones,theseclipsarefunandaddtotheuniquecharmofthewearer.Ladieswillenhancetheircharmwhentheyweartheseclipssetwithsmallbutperfectstones.主语转移的一般规范:必须紧扣原意,只要不违背全句的总体意义,选择可灵活变通,不拘一格。必须密切顾及英语的习惯表达法。必须同时顾及便于英语句子的成形,也就是说必须顺应英语SV提挈机制的决定性作用。必须充分注意到不同的主语选择可能带来的意义差别,特别是强调意义的差别。Supplement话题式主语句零位主语句隐含主语句补充主语的手段补充泛指性代词或名词补充人称代词补充逻辑推导产生的主语话题式主语句今天他要去看病。Heisgoingtoseethedoctortoday.街上很多人。Therearemanypeopleinthestreet.窗外传来了一阵笑声。Fromoutsidethewindowcameagustoflaughter.零位主语句A:你去看他了?B:没去。A:为什么呢?B:没空,有空再去。A:Didyouseehim?B:No,Ididn’t.A:justwhy?B:I’vebeentoobusy.I’llgowhenIhavetime.隐含主语句叙述自然现象的句子,有些句子涉及某种日常行为或活动的开始、进行或结束。大量的成语、格言句。口号、命令、规定等等下雪了。It’ssnowing.着火了!Fire,fire!开演了!Theshowbeginsnow.坐享其成Sitidleandenjoythefritsofother’swork.走一步,看一步Takeonestepandlookaroundbeforetakinganother.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆Plantmelonsandyougetmelons,sowbeansyougetbeans—asyousow,sowillyoureap.禁止吸烟Nosmoking.不须再次交谈。Bequiet.保证生产安全,保证产品质量。EnsureSafetyinProduction,EnsureQualityofProduct.补充主语的手段补充泛指性代词或名词学会数理化,走遍天下都不怕。Withaknowledgeofnaturalsciences,onecangoanywhereintheworld.丢了钱总比掉了脑袋强。Peoplegiveawaymoneymorewillinglythantheirlives.春到田间耕作忙。Withspringlookingon,every
本文标题:英汉主语差异
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