英国文学――20世纪文学

HistoricalBackgroundLiteraryTendencies1.Realism2.TheIrishDramaticMovement3.ModernismPartVIII.20thCenturyLiteratureRealism•JosephConrad•HenryJames•KatherineMansfield•ThomasHardy•GalsworthyJohnGalsworthyASurveyofModernandContempotaryBritishLiteratureModernBritishLiterature(1914-1945)SocialBackgroundMajorWritersNovelistsPoetsDramatistsHistoricalBackground•Naturalandsocialsciencesemormouslyadvanced•Capitalismcameintoitsmonopolystage•Gapbetweentherichandthepoorwasfurtherdeepened•WorldWarsIandII•EconomicDepressionbeginningin1929PhilosophicalBackgrounds•KarlMarx:scientificsocialism•Darwin’stheoryofevolution:“survivalofthefittest”•B.SigmundFreud’spsychoanalysis-psychologicaldeterminism-manbehaviorfromforcesINSIDEtheself-self-analysis•F.Nietzsche-GodisDead-economicandpsychologicaldeterminism-nodivinepatterns,searchformeaningModernism1.ItoriginatedfromskepticismanddisillusionofCapitalism2.TheFrenchsymbolismannouncedmodernism3.Ittakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesarethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationships.4.Theliteratureinthisperiodisdefinedbyitsrejectionoftheliteraryconventionsofthenineteenthcenturyandbyitsoppositiontoconventionalmorality,taste,traditions,andeconomicvalues.DifferenceBetweenModernismandRealismModernismisareactionagainstrealisminmanyaspects:•1.Modernismrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofRealism•2.ModernismrejectsthesourceofRealism,i.e.theexternal,objective,materialworld•3.MoernismrejectsalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteratureTheNovels•Endofthe1910s-the1920s•The1930s•The1940sEndofthe1910s-the1920s•Relativelyfreerform•Breakofreticence•NewvoyageintoconsciousnessWhichwasareaction»tothefragmentationofculture,»toacatastrophichistory,»tothepervasivesenseofpsychiccrisis,»tomodernviolenceanddislocation.directions:Realisticmodernwriters:FordMadoxFord,W.SomersetMaugham,E.M.FosterThePsychologicalNovelModernistwriters:JamesJoyce,VirginiaWoolfF.M.Ford(1873-1939)•TheGoodSoldierATaleofPassionHisliteraryactivitiesbuiltanexperimentalbridgebetweentheoldwritersofthe1890sandtheyoungerinnovators.Hisliterarytheory:Impressionism•“weacceptedthenameofimpressionistsbecausewesawthatlifedidnotnarratebutmadeimpressionsonourbrains.”“Weinturn,ifwewishedtoproduceaneffectoflife,mustnotnarratebutrenderimpressions.”E.M.Forster(1879-1970)•Anovelistwhotriedto“connect”peopleofdifferentbackgroundsanddifferentcultures.•WhereAngelsFeartoTread(1905)•ARoomwithaView(1908)•HowardsEnd(1910)•APassagetoIndia(1924)•Style:realismcombinedwithsymbolism(Helikedtouseimagesandsymbolstoexpresshisconcernsforthesocialmoralsandhumanevalues.)satireandhumorSymbolism•Thesymbolistsemphasizethesuggestivenessofpoeticlanguage,butthoughthisemphasisonsuggestivenessmakesmuchofthepoetryobscure,theircarefortheorganizationandoperationoflanguagekeepsitfromvagueness.Acriticalwork:AspectsoftheNovel(1927):“round”and“flat”charactersThePsychologicalNovel•Whilemodernistpoetryaroseasabreakwith19th–centuryRomanticism,modernistfictionrepresentedatrenddriftingawayfromthetraditionof19th-centuryrealism.Modernistfictionputemphasisonthedescriptionofthecharacters’spsychologicalactivities,andsohassometimesbeencalledmodernpsychologicalfiction.D.H.LawrenceJamesJoyce(1882-1941)•Oneofthemostinnovativenovelistsofthe20thcenturyandoneofthegreatmastersof“thestreamofconsciousness”.StreamofConsciousness•AphrasecoinedbyWilliamJamesinhisPrincipleofPsychology(1890)todescribetheflowofthoughtsofwakingmind,anditwasfirstappliedtoliteraturein1918.Sincethenithasbeenusedtodescribethenarrativetechniquewhichattemptstorendertheconsciousnessofacharacterbyrepresentingasdirectlyaspossibletheflowoffeelings,thoughtsandimpressionswithoutresortingtoobjectivedescriptionorconventionaldialogue.Theterm“interiormonologue”isalsosometimesused.•APortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan(1916)•Ulysses(1922)•Dubliners(1914)•Finnegan’sWake(1939)Ulysses•Lifeexperiencesof3maincharactersonasingleday(June16,1904)inDublin.TheprincipalcharactersareLeopoldBloom,anadvertisementcanvasser,hiswifeMollyandthewanderingsofStephenandBloomthroughDublinandtheireventualmeeting.Ulysses•Artisticfeatures:1.ParalleltoHomer’s“Odessey”incharacter,structureandlanguage2.Strikingrealisticskill:vitalityof“feltlife”andinnovativeuseof“interiormonologue”3.Joyce’sstreamofconsciousnessJoyce’scontributions•Hisnovelschangedtheconventionalconceptionoffictioninthesensethattherewerenolonger,intheconventionalsense,thecharacters,actionsandeventsinthenovel.Insteadtherewasjustastreamofconsciousnessflowingthroughthewholenovel.VirginiaWoolfOneofthemostinnovativenovelistsofthe20thcenturyandoneofthegreatmastersof“thestreamofconsciousness”.•Awomanmusthavemoneyandaroomofherownifsheistowritefiction.•UnlikeJoyce,whosestreamofconsciousnessisbothaesthetic(Stephen’sreflections)andsubterranean(Molly’ssoliloquy),herstreamofconsciousnessisflowing,poetic,feminineandaboveall,painting-likeandaesthetic.BloomsburyGroup•Anexclusiveintellectualcirclethatcenteredonthehouseofthepublisher,LeonardWoolf,andhiswife,thenovelist,Virg