计算机发展史(英语版)11

2016156王健欣2016157马海超2016158崔昌胜In1946PennsylvaniaUniversityintheUSAdevelopedthefirstelectroniccomputerintheworldthroughseveralyearshardefforts.ENIAC两位设计者——莫契利和埃克特Bytheearly1970s,theywereincommonuseinlargebusinesses,government,andthemilitary.Thelargestcomputers(liketheENIAC=theElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer)werecalledmainframes!Inthelate1960sandearly1970s,engineersmadegreatstridesinreducingthesizeofelectroniccomponents.Theydevelopedthesemiconductorchip,whichwasaboutthesizeofafingenailandcouldcontainhundredsoftransistors.1955年，贝尔实验室使用800只晶体管组装了世界上第一台晶体管计算机TRADIC。(TransistorDigitalComputer)晶体管的三位发明人——因这项伟大发明，三人获得1956年诺贝尔物理学奖威廉·肖克利约翰·巴丁沃尔特·布拉坦Thesemiconductorchipsenabledengineerdtominiaturizethecircuitsinallelectronicdevices.Mostimportantly,itpriducedanewgenerationofmainframesandminicomputerswithincreasedcapability,greaterspeed,andsmallersize.ThefitstmicrocomputersIntheearly1970s,technologyprogressedtothepointwherethecircuitsforthe“brain”ofacomputer(thecentralprocessingunitorCPU)couldbemanufacturedonasinglesemiconductorchip.Theseminiaturizedcomputerswerecalledmicroprocessors,andweremanufacturedbycorporationssuchasIntelandMotorola.In1971,Intelcompanyclaims,theycreatedaopenintegratedcircuitnewerasemiconductorchip,thatisthefirstpieceofmicroprocessorchip4004.Theso-calledmicroprocessorchipisaCPU(CentralProcessingUnit,theCPU)integrationonasinglechip.In1981,InternationalBusinessMachines(IBM),thelargestcomputercompanyintheworld,introduceditsownmicrocomputer,dubbedtheIBMPC(“PC”istheabbreviationforpersonalcomputer).TheFirstIBMPCAlmostallthecomputerusersatefamiliarwiththepersonalcomputers.Thisisthecomputermostlypreferredbythehomeusers.Thesecomputersarelesserincostthanthecomputersgivenabmveandalso,smallinsize;theyarealsocalledPCsinshortforpersonalcomputers.Thiscomputerissmallinsizeandyoucaneasilyarrangeittofitinyourdinglebedroomwithitsallaccommodation.Todaythisisthoughttobethemostpopularcomputerinall.Thisiseasytocarryaroundandpreferredbysrudentspeopletomeettheirassignmentsandothernecessarytasks.Theapproachofthiscomputerisalsothesameasthepersonalcomputer.Itcanstorethesameamountofdataandhavingamemoryofthesamesizeasthatofapersonalcomputer.Onecansaythatitisthereplacementofpersonaldesktopcomputer.Now,thereisalight-weight,Tabletcomputer,designedtobemovedeasily.Nowisthemostpopularipadisthetabletcomputer