Cultural-value-orientation-(16新)

ChapterThreeCulturalValueOrientation•Definethetermofvalue.•Understandhowvaluesformthecoreofculture.•Beawareofthebasicvaluesofourownandofothercultures.LearningObjectives2012/8/182DouWeilin:IntroductiontoICCI.Lead-in•WatchthefollowingtwoadsofHaireinUSAandJapan.Answerthefollowingquestions?1.Whatarethecentralideasthatarereflectedinthetwoads?2.Whyaretheresuchdifferences?LevelsofCultureSymbolsHeroesRitualsValuesII.TheNatureofValueII.TheNatureofValue•Valuesaresocialprinciples,goals,orstandardsacceptedbypersonsinaculture.•Avaluecanbedefinedasaconception,explicitorimplicit,distinctiveofanindividualorcharacteristicofagroup,ofthedesirablewhichinfluencestheselectionfromavailablemodes,means,andendsofaction.(Klucnhohn)•价值观是“个人或群体所特有的一种显型或隐型的认为什么是可取的观念，这一观念影响人们从现有的种种行动模式、方式和目的中做出选择。”WhatDoValuesEncompassEvilvs.GoodDirtyvs.CleanDangerousvs.SafeDecentvs.IndecentUglyvs.BeautifulUnnaturalvs.NaturalAbnormalvs.NormalParadoxicalvs.LogicalIrrationalvs.RationalMoralvs.Immoral2012/8/186DouWeilin:IntroductiontoICCHowtofindoutpeople’svalues?•Frompeople’sbehaviorpattern,becausevaluesarecloselyrelatedtobehaviorpatterns.•Fromwhatpeoplesayaboutthemselves.•Frommyths,talesofheroesandrituals,becausetheygenerallyrevealwhatisbelievedtobeimportantinacertainculture.•Fromfolktales,proverbs,sayings,etc.Exercise•Nowstudythefollowingproverbsanddecidewhatvalue(s)theyrepresent.•1.Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.•2.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.•3.Timeismoney.•4.Myhomeismycastle.•5.Thinkthreetimesbeforeyoutakeaction.•6.Modestymakesyouprogress;conceitednessmakesyoulagbehind.actionindependenceefficiencyprivacycautionmodesty•Values,theinnermost“skinoftheonion”,lieatthecoreofaculture.Theyareinvisibleandmostlikelyneglected.Andvaluesarethedeepestmanifestationofcultureandthemostdifficulttounderstandbyanoutsider.•Withouttheknowledgeofaculture’svaluestructure,thecommunicativebehaviorofthatculturewillbedifficulttounderstand.Valuesestablishstandardsandguidelinesthatdefineappropriatebehaviorinaculture.II.TheNatureofValueIII.StudiesofCulturalOrientationsHowcanwecompareoneculturewithanothertofindouttheirsimilaritiesanddifferences?CulturepatternsA.KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientationB.Hofstede’sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityC.EdwardTHall’sContext-CultureTheoryHumanNatureMan-natureTimeActivitySocialRelationshipIndividualismVsCollectivismUncertaintyAvoidancePowerDistanceMasculinityVsFemininityHigh-ContextLow-ContextA.ModelbyKluckhohnandStrodtbeck(克鲁克洪-施特罗特贝克)(KluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientations)Fivebasicquestionsthatneedansweringattherootofanyculture:•1Whatisthehumaninnatenature?•2Whatistherelationbetweenmantonature?•3Whatistheorientationtowardtime?•4Whatisthevalueplacedonactivity?•5Whatistherelationshipofpeopletoeachother?1=Humannatureorientation人性取向2=Man-natureorientation人天取向3=Timeorientation时间取向4=Activityorientation行为取向5=Socialorientation人际取向1HumanNatureBasicallyEvilMixtureofGoodandEvilBasicallyGood2RelationshipofMantoNatureNaturecontrolshumansManinHarmonyWithNatureMantheMasterofNature3SenseofTimePast-orientedPresent-orientedFuture-oriented4HumanActivityBEING(stressonwhoyouare)Growing(stressonself-development)Doing(stressonwhatyouaredoing)5SocialRelationshipHierarchy等级Group-orientedIndividualQuestionsforDiscussion1.HumanNature(1)WhatistheChinesepeople’sviewinthisorientation?(2)WhatattitudedowesternPeoplehavetowardsHumannature?1.HumanNature•Basicallyevilbutperfectible•Mixtureofgoodandevil•BasicallygoodbutcorruptibleInnatelyGoodvs.InnatelyEvilChineseview:innatelygoodToexploreandcultivatetheinnatelygoodelements;stressonkindheartednessandlove;stressonintrospectionandpersonalityperfection;rites(礼)asthetooltostandardizepeople’ssocialcommunication.InnatelyGoodvs.InnatelyEvilChineseview:innatelygood•明朝大哲学家王阳明说：“至善者性也，性元无一毫之恶，故曰至善。止之，是复其本然而已。”(这里的复其本然，是指止于至善。)•《荀子·劝学》：“君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。”•《释名》：“礼，体也。言得事之体也”。•《论语》：“不学礼，无以立”。InnatelyGoodvs.InnatelyEvilAmericanview:innatelyevil•OriginalSin•罪感文化。•ThetraditionalWesternbeliefabouthumannatureisthathumanbeingsarebasicallyevil.Allhumanshavebeenbornwithoriginalsin.evilbutperfectible2.RelationshipwithNature(3)WhatistheChinesepeople’sviewinthisorientation?Givesomeexamplestoillustrate.(4)WhohasthisorientationthatmanissubjugatedtoNature?(5)WhydotheWesternersthinkthatHumanisthemasteroftheNature?•CooperationviewiswidespreadandisassociatedwithAsians.Thisorientationaffirmsthatpeopleshould,ineverypossibleway,liveinharmonywithnature.eg.智者乐水,仁者乐山（孔子）天地与我并生,万物与我为一（庄子）静念园林好,人间良可辞（陶渊明）2.RelationshipwithNature•Culturesthatmaintainhumanbeingsaresubjecttonatureholdthatthemostpowerfulforcesoflifeareoutoftheircontrol.Whethertheforcebeagod,fate,ormagic,apersoncannotovercomeitandmustthereforelearntoacceptit.ThisorientationisfoundinIndiaandTheNativeAmericanculture.2.RelationshipwithNature•Theorientationtoconqueranddirectnatureischaracteristicofwesternapproach,whichhasalongtraditionofvaluingtechnologyandscienceoverthenature.ThereisabeliefthatitistheintentionofGodtomaketheEarthhumanbeing’sprivatedomain.•Thisorientationalsoincludeastronauts'conquero