2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章

2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第九篇AnEssentialScientificProcessAlllifeontheearthdependsupongreenplants.Usingsunlight,theplantsproducetheirownfood.Thenanimalsfeedupontheplants.Theytakeinthenutrientstheplantshavemadeandstored.Butthat’snotall.Sunlightalsohelpsaplantproduceoxygen.Someoftheoxygenisusedbytheplant,butaplantusuallyproducesmoreoxygenthanituses.Theexcessoxygenisnecessaryforanimalsandotherorganismstolive.Theprocessofchanginglightintofoodandoxygeniscalledphotosynthesis.Besideslightenergyfromthesun,plantsalsousewaterandcarbondioxide.Thewatergetstotheplantthroughitsroots.Thecarbondioxideenterstheleavesthroughtinyopeningscalledstomata.Thecarbondioxidetravelstochloroplasts,specialcellsinthebodiesofgreenplants.Thisiswherephotosynthesistakesplace.Chloroplastscontainthechlorophyllsthatgiveplantstheirgreencolor.Thechlorophyllsarethemoleculesthattraplightenergy.Thetrappedlightenergychangeswaterandcarbondioxidetoproduceoxygenandasimplesugarcalledglucose.Carbondioxideandoxygenmoveintoandoutofthestomata.Watervaporalsomovesoutofthestomata.Morethan90percentofwateraplanttakesinthroughitsrootsescapesthroughthestomata.Duringthedaytime,thestomataofmostplantsareopen.Thisallowscarbondioxidetoentertheleavesforphotosynthesis.Asnightfalls,carbondioxideisnotneeded.Thestomataofmostplantsclose.Waterlossstops.Ifphotosynthesisceased,therewouldbelittlefoodorotherorganicmatterontheearth.Mostorganismswoulddisappear.Theearth’satmospherewouldnolongercontainoxygen.Photosynthesisisessentialforlifeonourplanet.【词汇】nutrientn.营养物organismn.生物体，有机体carbondioxiden.二氧化碳chloroplastn.叶绿体moleculen.分子vaporn.水蒸气oxygenn.氧气photosynthesisn.光合作用chlorophylln.叶绿素glucosen.葡萄糖ceasev.停止【注释】1．Thenanimalsfeedupontheplants.动物以植物为食。【练习】1．Inthefirstparagraph，theword“excess”meansAheavy.Bextra.Cgreen.Dliquid.2．Whichofthefollowingdoesnotmovethroughaplant’sstomata?ACarbondioxide.BWatervapor.COxygen.DFood.3．Inthetitle,thetermEssentialScientificProcessreferstoAphotosynthesis.Btheformationofglucose.Cglobalwarming.Dwatergettingtotherootsofplants.4．ThispassageisprimarilydevelopedbyAexplainingaprocess.Btellingastory.Ccomparingandcontrasting.Dconvincingthereaderofplants’importance.5．AnothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbeAOxygenandCarbonDioxide.BPlantsandTheirRoots.CHowPhotosynthesisWorks.DWhyOurEarthNeedsWater.【答案与题解】1．B前文讲到，植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。excess在句中的意思是“超额的”，与extra“额外的”意思相近。2．D从第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过，唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”，因此该题选D项。3．A文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis，即光合作頌钠作用和重要性，文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesisisessentialforlifeonourplanet，因此选A项。B项是光合作用的一个部分，C、D项则毫不相干。4．A文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织，又介绍了光合作用的过程，因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程，而不是讲故事或比较对比。D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”，这确实是文章的一个目的，但不是文章的组织方式。5．C文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理，因此选项C。A、B项在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D项与本文无关。2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类阅读理解第二十二篇RealWorldRobotsWhenyouthinkofarobot,doyouenvisionashiny,metallicdevicehavingthesamegeneralshapeasahumanbeing,performinghumanlikefunctions,andrespondingtoyourquestionsinamonotonevoiceaccentuatedbyhigh-pitchedtonesandbeeps?Thisisthewaymanyofusimaginearobot,butintherealworld,arobotisnothumanoidatall.Insteadarobotoftenisavoiceless,box-shapedmachinethatefficientlycarriesoutrepetitiveordangerousfunctionsusuallyperformedbyhumans.Today’srobotismorethananautomaticmachinethatperformsonetaskagainandagain.Amodernrobotisprogrammedwithvaryingdegreesofartificialintelligence—thatis,arobotcontainsacomputerprogramthattellsithowtoperformtasksassociatedwithhumanintelligence,suchasreasoning,drawingconclusions,andlearningfrompastexperience.Arobotdoesnotpossessahumanshapeforthesimplereasonthatatwo-leggedrobothasgreatdifficultyremainingbalanced.Arobotdoes,however,movefromplacetoplaceonwheelsandaxlesthatrollandrotate.Arobotevenhaslimbsthatswivelandmoveincombinationwithjointsandmotors.Tofinditswayinitssurroundings1,arobotutilizesvariousbuilt-insensors.Antennaeattachedtotherobot’sbasedetectanythingtheybumpinto.Iftherobotstartstoteeterasitmovesonanincline,agyroscopeorapenduluminsideitsensestheverticaldifferential.Todetermineitsdistancefromanobjectandhowquicklyitwillreachtheobject，therobotbouncesbeamsoflaserlightandultrasonicsoundwavesoffobstructionsinitspath2.Theseandothersensorsconstantlyfeedinformationtothecomputer,whichthenanalyzestheinformationandcorrectsoradjuststherobot’sactions.Asscienceandtechnologyadvance,therobottoowillprogressinitsfunctionsanduseofartificial-intelligenceprograms.【词汇】envisionv.想象，预想devicen.装置accentuatev.强调，重读artificialintelligencen.人工智能limbn.臂antennaen.天线inclinev.倾斜pendulumn.钟摆ultrasonicadj.超声的metallicadj.金属的monotonen.单调的humanoidadj.像人的axlen.轮轴rotatev.旋转swiveln.旋转teeterv.摇晃gyroscopen.陀螺仪，回转仪verticaln.直立的【注释】1．Tofinditswayinitssurroundings...：为了在周围找到路……2．therobotbouncesbeamsoflaserlightandultrasonicsoundwavesoffobstructionsinitspath：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。【练习】1．AnothergoodtitleforthispassagewouldbeARobots:TakingthePlaceofHumans.BArtificialIntelligencePrograms.CToday’sRobotsandHowTheyFunction.DModern-DaySensors.2．ArtificialintelligenceisAtheunnaturalwayinwhichrobotsmove.Bavoiceles