chapter 07 动词(9月29、30日)

类别意义例句行为动词ActionVerbs系动词LinkVerbs助动词AuxiliaryVerbs情态动词ModalVerbs含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。如：putrunlaugh本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。如：belookget本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式。如：bedoesdid本身有一动的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如:canmustmayShehassomebananas.Theyeatalotofpotatoes.I’mreadinganEnglishbooknow.Hisfatherisateacher.Twinsusuallylookthesame.Theteacherbecameangry.Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish.(否定）Weareplayingbasketball.（进行时态）Doyouhaveabrother?（疑问）Youcankeepthemfortwoweeks.MayIsmokehere?Wemustgonew.ClassificationofVerbs返回2020/3/281zhangyan动词谓语不是谓语时态语态非谓语主语（名）定语（形）状语（副）（注意时间状语、上下文提示）-ing?-ed?todo?反？级？级？反？被动？主动？掌握：时态结构&动词形式掌握：结构&可充当的成分主动/进行被动/完成/状态具体/将要/目的数？格？Themountainappeareddimmer.Shegotacar.Shegotrich.Timegoesfast.Hehasgonemad.实义动词---notionalverbs连系动词---linkverbs助动词---auxiliaryverbs情态动词---modalverbs及物动词transitiveverbs(vt.)不及物动词intransitiveverbs(vi.)谓语动词—predicateverbs非谓语动词--non-predicateverbs规则动词—regularverbs不规则动词—irregularverbs终止性动词—terminativeverbs持续性动词—durativeverbs短语动词—phrasalverbs1、有些动词后面可跟不定式作宾补：asksb(not)todosthtellsb(not)todosthwantsb(not)todotsth2、有些动词后面可跟双宾语，间宾置前时，相应加上介词to或for:givesbsthe=giveshtetosbbuysbsth=buysthforsbteachsbsth3、有些动词后面只可跟动词-ing，不可跟动词不定式：enjoydoingsthminddoingsthActionVerb2020/3/2864、有些动词后面可跟不定式也可跟动词-ing，但其义不同：goondoingsthgoontodosthforgetdoingsthforgettodosthlikedoingsthliketodosthstopdoingsthstoptodosth５、有些动词宾语后面可跟动词，也可跟动词原形，其义大不同：watchsb/sthdoingsthwatchsb/sthdosthseesb/sthdoingsthsesb/sthdosthActionVerb返回2020/3/287coughedexchangewantranridegiveActionVerbs:transitivevs.intransitivethank2020/3/288PhrasalVerb成语动词FORM:verb+preposition-----whichcreatesameaningdifferentfromtheoriginalverb.Eg.Iranintomyteacheratthemovieslastnight.NOTE:Youdidn'tphysicallyrunintoyourteacher,butyoumetyourteacherunexpectedly.2020/3/289TransitiveorintransitivePhrasalVerbsTransitive:EXAMPLE:Imadeupthestory.Intransitive:EXAMPLE:Hesuddenlyshowedup.2020/3/2810zhangyanSeparableorNon-separableTransitivephrasalverbsSeparablephrasalverbs:EXAMPLE:Italkedintomymotherlettingmeborrowthecar.NotCorrectItalkedmymotherintolettingmeborrowthecar.CorrectNote:talkintoisseparableNon-separableverbs:EXAMPLE:Iranmysisterinto.NotCorrectIranintomysister.CorrectNote:runintoisnon-separable2020/3/2811Somephrasalverbscantakeaprepositioninbothplaces.EXAMPLE:Imadeanexcuseup.CorrectImadeupanexcuse.CorrectNote:makeupisbothseparableandnon-seperable2020/3/2812TipsforPhrasalVerbsarriveat=reachcallon=visitcomeabout=happencarefor=likegoup=risekeepon=promisemakefor=understandputoff=postponeringup=telephone[phone].“感觉”类:与五种感觉器官相关的动词.常见的有:look(看起来)，feel(摸上去)，smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来)，sound(听起来)等。例如:Whathesayssounds(like)agoodidea.Thoseorangestastegood.Shelooksmuchyoungerinherreddress.2020/3/28142.“主观判断”类:包括seem(似乎是)，appear(似乎、显得)，prove(证明是),turnout(结果是,证明是)等.例如:Heappears/seemtobeveryfriendlywithus.Theyappear/seemtohavemisunderstoodme.Itappears/seemthatshewillwin.2020/3/28153.“状态变化”类:表示主语从一种状态变化成另一种状态。常见的有:become,turn,grow,go,come,fall,get等。例如：Putthefishinthefridge,oritwillgobadinhotweather.2020/3/28164.“状态持续”类:表示主语持续某种状态。常见的有:remain(依然)，keep(保持)，stay(保持)，lie(呈…状态,置于),continue(继续、仍旧)等。例如:—Whydon'tyouputthemeatinthefridge?—Itwillstayfreshforseveraldays.ThepopulationgrowthinChinaremainsaproblem.Thebooklayopenonthedesk.2020/3/2817助动词的分类助动词常用来与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构，以表达说话人的各种情态。助动词可分为时态助动词和do助动词两种。2020/3/28181.时态助动词时态助动词有be,have,will/would,shall/should可以用来构成各种时态、语态和语气。例如：WewillgotoAfricafirst.ThemodernOlympicGameswereheldin1896,inAthens.ThefirstuseofAtomicweaponswasin1945,andtheirpower____increasedenormouslyeversince.A.isB.wasC.hasbeenD.hadbeen2020/3/28192.do助动词do可帮助构成疑问句和否定句，还可表示强调或代替前面动词以避免重复。例如：Doyoufindhomeworktiringandboring?Asyoucansee,Ididescape.Walkingandridingyourbikecount,andsodoschoolsports.2020/3/2820情态动词表示推测不表示推测cancouldmaymightshallshouldmustwillwouldoughttohavetodare(daren’t)need(needn’t)usedto2020/3/2821ModalVerbs情态动词否定式否定式简略形式cancouldmaymustshallshouldwillcannot/cannotcouldnotmaynotmustnotshallnotshouldnotwillnotcan’t/ka：nt/couldn’t/kudnt/mayn’t/meint/mustn’t/msnt/shan’t/a:nt/shouldn’t/udnt/won’t/wunt/2020/3/2822表示推测——情态动词的重要用法.肯定的推测可能的推测否定的推测疑问的推测must/should对将来对现在对过去情态动词may,mightcan’t,couldn’tcan,could+V.+V.+havedone常见mustbe+bedoing+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing可以用not表示“可能不”+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing2020/3/28231、can和could：表示“能力”、“许可”、“可能性”，could较can语气更委婉eg：SomeofuscanspeakRussiannow,butwecouldn’tspeakit5yearsago.——CouldIborrowthesebooks?——Ofcourseyoucan.2、may:(1)表示讲可或征求对方许可，有“可以”之意：Eg.youmaygonow.MayIplaygamesinclass?No,youmustn’t.(2)表示可能性，有“或许”、“可能”的意思:eg:HemaybeEnglish,butI’mnotsure.2020/3/2824lcan/could与beableto用法比较都表示能力*beableto能用于各种时态。can/could只能表示现在或过去的能力。*was/wereableto:“设法做成某事”相当于managedtodosth.succeededindoingsth.。2020/3/2825３、must和haveto用法例句1)Must表示“必须”；“应该”。否定式mustnot/mustn’t表示“不应该”；“不许可”；“不准”；“禁止”等。在回答带有must的问句时，否定式常用needno/needn’t或don’thaveto，表示“不必”，而不用mustnot，因为mustnot表示“不可以”。表示推测“一定”；“必定”，只用在肯定句中。2)haveto表示“必须”；“不得不”。在这个意义上与must很接近，但must表示的是说话人的主