环境监测大气课程设计

湖北理工学院环境监测课程设计1目录1、设计的目的和任务····························································11-1、目的·································································11-2、任务··································································12、校园大气环境现状调查························································12-1、校园地理位置···························································12-2、校园污染源调查·······················································13、校园采样点的布设····························································23-1、采样点的布设原则······················································23-2、采样点布设情况表······················································23-3、采样时间和采样频率·····················································23-2、采样点布图····························································34、监测项目和方法······························································34-1、SO2的测定······························································3原理3仪器4试剂4测定步骤54-2、NO2的测定······························································6原理6仪器6试剂7测定步骤74-3、PM10的测定····························································8原理8仪器9测定步骤95、空气质量状况分析···························································105-1、各监测项目的数据统计··················································105-2、空气质量状况分析······················································125-2-1各监测项目变化情况·················································125-2-2各监测项目日均浓度················································14湖北理工学院环境监测课程设计25-2-3API与空气污染物浓度的关··········································145-2-4API指数和空气质量的等级关系·····································155-2-5空气污染指数的计算方法············································155-2-6API值和空气质量等级评价···········································166、质量保证···································································186-1、质量保证的意义························································186-2、连续采样质量保证······················································186-3、间断采样质量保证·····················································197、保护校园环境质量的方案和建议············································197-1、气体的治理··························································197-1-1.SO2的防治·······················································197-1-2.NO2的防治·······················································207-1-3.PM10的防治·····················································217-2、校园生态环境的保护··················································218、校园环境空气质量的综合分析与评价··········································218-1、环境质量评价的概念与意义·············································218-2、环境质量评价分类······················································219．湖北理工学院综合评价······················································2210、参考文献·································································22湖北理工学院环境监测课程设计31、设计的目的和任务1-1、目的此次课程设计是针对校园空气状况进行监测，从而了解校园的大气以及大气状况观察分析大气中有害物质的分布，对空气质量进行评述并提出保护校园环境质量的对策与建议，利用我们所学的知识来解决实际问题。巩固、消化《环境监测》课程的理论知识，同时加深我们对大气污染检测的基本理论了解。熟悉大气环境监测的全过程，掌握常规监测项目的监测原理、方法、操作技能，培养学生进行现场调查和操作动手的能力，熟悉在监测过程进行质量保证的方法，具备制定和实施污染源调查、环境影响评价、治理工程所必需的监测方案的能力，控制和改善校园大气质量，为学生和老师的生活与学习清洁适宜的环境，防止生态破坏，保护师生健康，促进校园和谐发展。1-2、任务进行学校大气环境现状调查，拟定监测方案，优化布点，采集样品分析测试，并提出改善校园空气环境的对策和建议，总结；撰写《环境监测》课程设计报告。2、校园大气环境现状调查2-1、校园地理位置湖北理工学院坐落在我国著名的工业重镇、并有“江南明珠”之称的湖北省第二大城市—－黄石市。校园位于黄石经济开发区青龙，占地面积2189亩，校舍建筑面积52万平方米，北面和桂林北路、磁湖接壤，西面和磁湖路接壤，校内存在大山，绿化面积较大2-2、校园污染源调查湖北理工在校人数为2万人，食堂有5个，还有一些开水锅炉，校内还有一个较大的驾校。其次还有校外的餐厅，居民区，矿山，施工工程，及来往的车辆等，这些都会对学校环境造成较大的影响。其中食堂和开水锅炉还有施工工程建设带来的污染物主要是粉尘和SO2，而驾校和校外的车辆则主要会带来一些氮氧化合污染物。湖北理工学院环境监测课程设计43、校园采样点的布设3-1、采样点的布设原则[1](1)在污染源比较集中地地方、主导风向比较明显的情况下，应将污染源的下风向作为主要监测范围，布设较多的采样点，上风向布设量点作为对照；(2)污染源较密集，人口密度较大的地区要适当增设采样点；(3)采样点的会走位应该视野应该比较开阔，采样口水平线与周围的建筑物高度的夹角应不大于30°；(4)各个采样点的设置条件尽可能一致或标准化，使其获得的监测数据只有可比性；(5)采样的高度根据检测母的而定，研究大气污染对人体的危害，应该将采样器或者测定仪器设置于常人呼吸带的高度，即在采样口应在离地面1.5m-2m处。综上所述，在校园中布点应根据污染物类型，数量，位置，排放浓度以及校园地形，功能区以及人口密集现象，地形及其他客观原因确定布点位置和数目。据校园污染源的特点，建议使用功能区布点法。3-2、采样点布设情况表检测项目检测地点SO2NO2PM10义城学生公寓111图书馆111环境学院实验楼111东门1113-3、采样时间和采样频率频率：连续采样5天，每天采样3次；时间：5月9～13日，每天早上9：00，11:00和15:00。湖北理工学院环境监测课程设计53-4、采样分布图4、监测项目和方法项目采样方法流量时间分析方法SO2液体吸收法0.5L/min45min盐酸副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法NO2液体吸收法0.3L/min45min盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法PM10滤膜富集法100L/min45min重量法4-1、二氧化硫（SO2）的测定[2]4-1-1原理（四氯汞钾溶液—盐酸副玫瑰苯胺吸收分光光度法）：空气中的SO2被四氯汞钾溶液吸收后，生成稳定的二氯亚硫酸盐络合物，该络合物再与甲醛及盐酸副玫瑰苯胺反应，生成紫红色的络合物，据其颜色深浅与SO2浓度成正比，用分光光度法测定（最大吸收峰于575nm处），反应式如下：湖北理工学院环境监测课程设计6HgCl2+2KCl=K2[Hg(Cl)4][HgCl4]2-+SO2+H2O=[HgCl2SO3]2-+2H++2Cl-[HgCl2SO3]2-+HCHO+2H+=HgCl2+羟基甲基硫酸盐酸副玫瑰苯胺+羟基甲基硫酸=紫色络合物+H2O+3H++3Cl-（俗称品红）4-1-2仪器(1)多孔玻板吸收管普通型，内装10ml吸收液，用于1h采样。(2)气泡吸收管直筒型，内装50ml吸收液，用于24h采样。(3)空气采样器流量范围0.2～1L/min，流量稳定。使用时，用皂膜流量计校准采样系列在采样前和采样后的流量，流量误差应小于5%。(4)具塞比色管10ml，体积刻度应校准。(5)分光光度计用10mm比色皿，在波长550nm下，测定吸光度。4-1-3试剂（1）四氯汞钾吸收液(0.04mol/L)；（2）甲醛溶液(2.0g/L)；（3）氨基磺酸铵溶液(6.0g/L)；（4）盐酸副玫瑰苯胺储备液(0.2%)；（5）盐酸副玫瑰苯胺使用液(0.016%)；（6）碘储备液(0.10mol/L)；（7）碘使用液(0.05mol/L)；（8）淀粉指示剂(5.0g/L)；（9）碘酸钾标准溶液(0.1000mol/L)；（10）硫代硫酸钠储备液(0.1mol/L)；（11）硫代硫酸钠使用液(0.05mol/L)；（12）二氧化硫标准溶液(2.0μg/mL)；。（13）磷酸溶液(3mol/L)；湖北理工学院环境监测课程设计7（14）亚硝酸钠标准溶液(2.0μg/mL)；。4-1-4测定步骤⑴标准曲线的绘制：取8支10mL具塞比色管，按下列参数和方法配制标准色列。加入溶液色列管编号012345672.0μg/mL亚硫酸钠标准使用液(mL)00.601.001.401.601.802.202.70四氯汞钾吸收液(mL)5.004.404