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TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapter1Geography,PeopleandLanguage全名:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritain(大不列颠联合王国)andNorthernIreland(北爱尔兰).由成千上万的小岛组成(theBritishIsles).两大岛屿:GreatBritain(大不列颠)andIreland(爱尔兰)TheRiverThames(secondlongestandmostimportant),originates(起源于)insouthwesternEngland-----NorthSea.Scotland(Edinburgh爱丁堡)importantriver:ClydeRiverkilts(苏克兰小短裙)Wales(Cardiff加迪夫,著名港口).TheSevernRiveristhelongestriverofBritain------flowthroughwesternEngland.NorthernIreland(Belfast贝尔法斯特,首府)LoughNeagh----thelargestlakeintheBritishIsles.Climate:temperate,withwarmsummers,coolwintersandplentifulprecipitation(降雨量),冬暖夏凉,降雨充沛Threemajorfeatures:winterfog,rainyday,instability冬天多雾,常年多雨,天气不定London---BuckinghamPalace(白金汉宫),Guildhall(市政厅),St.Paul’sCathedral(圣保罗大教堂),TheTowerBridgeofLondon(伦敦塔桥)ThemajorityofthepopulationisdescendantsoftheAnglo-Saxons,aGermanicpeoplefromEurope.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔,从欧洲来的日耳曼人MostpeopleinWalesandScotlandaredescendantsoftheCelticpeople,includingtheIrishpeople威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔,包括爱尔兰人EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages.EnglishisintheGermanicgroup.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanicgroup:EastGermanic,NorthGermanic,WestGermanic.EnglishevolvedfromtheWestGermanicgroup.日耳曼语系:东日耳曼语,北日耳曼语,西日耳曼语。英语从西日耳曼语中发展。1、OldEnglish:wasinfluencedbyOldNorsespokenbytheVikingsandwasrelatedtotheGermanandDutchlanguages.受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语密切相关.wasendedwiththeNormanConquest,whenthelanguagewasinfluencebytheFrench-speakingNormans.古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服2、MiddleEnglish:WilliamtheConquerorinvadedandconqueredandtheAnglo-Saxons(NumerousFrenchwordscameintotheEnglishvocabulary)征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁-撒克逊人(大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇)3、ModernEnglish(15century):WilliamCaxtonbroughtstandardizationtoEnglish,andspellingandgrammarbecamefixed.Thefirstdictionarypublishedin1604.SamuelJohnson:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagewasinfluentialinastandardformofspelling.卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语,并成为固定的拼写和语法。第一本字典发表于1604。约翰逊塞缪尔:一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEngland.Itisalsocalled“theQueen’sEnglish”or“BBCEnglish”.Athirdofworld’spopulationuseEnglish.标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。它也被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英语”。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。Chapter2History1.有记录的历史起始于55BC,JuliusCaesar(凯撒大帝)andhisRomantroopsinvadedtheisland.410年,Germanic(日耳曼人)进攻罗马,结束了罗马的统治2.Celtic→SpainandFrance凯尔特人→西班牙和法国Anglo-Saxon→GermanicTribes盎格鲁-撒克逊→日耳曼部落3.NormanConquest(诺曼征服)ofEnglandmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalism(封建制度)4.HenryII建立ruleoftheHouseofAnjou(安茹王朝)inEngland,亦称为theHouseofPlantagenet(金雀花王朝).Heimprovedthecourtsofjustice,introducethejurysystemandinstitutionalizedcommonlaw.他改进了法院的公正,介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。5.TheMagnaCa(大宪章):英国宪政的基础thefoundationoftheBritishconstitutionalism6.HenryIIIwageswars.Theoutragednobles,ledbySimondeMontfort,draftedtheProvisionofOxford(牛津条约)tolimittheKing’spowerbycallingregularmeetingsof15-memberPrivyCouncil(枢密院).由SimondeMontfort率领的贵族,起草提供牛津(牛津条约)通过调用15名枢密院会议限制国王的权力(枢密院)SimondeMontfortfacilitatedthemodernideaofarepresentativeparliament.西蒙·德·蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的议会。7.TheWarsoftheRoses:theHouseofYork(whiterose)andtheHouseofLancaster(redrose)→winner.HenryTudorbecameKingHenryVIIandstartedtheruleoftheHouseofTudor.约克(白玫瑰)和兰开斯特家族(红玫瑰)→赢家。亨利都铎国王亨利七世,开始了都铎王朝的统治8.In1584,KingHenryVIIIissuedtheActofSupremacy《至尊法案》.In1651,CromwelldestroyedCharlesII’sarmy,whichmarkedtheendoftheCivilWars.In1660ParliamentdecidedtorestoreCharlesIItothethronewhichputanendtotheCommonwealth.1584,国王亨利八世颁布《至尊法案》至上的行为。在1651,克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队,这标志着内战结束。在1660届议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王位,这将结束了英联邦。9.在1688,光荣革命(GloriousRevolution)发生。在1689年,议会通过了人权法案(theBillofRights)。10.19世纪中期,工业革命完成。11.TheBritishEmpirebeganwiththecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.Bytheendof19thcentury,theBritishEmpireincludedabout1/4oftheglobalpopulationandtheworld’slandmass.大英帝国开始与纽芬兰殖民1583。在第十九世纪末,英帝国包括了1/4的世界人口和世界的陆地。12.SouthAfricanisthefourthself-governmentdominionoftheBritishEmpireafterCanada,AustraliaandNewZealand.南非是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自治领。Chapter3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth1.Britainisaparliamentarydemocracy议会制民主withaconstitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制.TheBritishConstitutionismadeupof①Statutorylaw成文法,制定法(themostimportant)→passedbyparliament②Commonlaw判例法,普通法→customsorlegalprecedents③Conventions习惯法,衡平法→notlegallyexist,butstillvital3.4.TheHouseofcommons(下议院)三大职能①Themostimportantisdraftingnewlaws.立法②toscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactionsofthegovernment约束政府③toinfluencethefuturegovernmentpolicy影像未来政策6.Theparliament:atwo-partysystem两党制7.Threemainparties:TheConservativeParty保守党,TheLaborParty工党,TheLiberalDemocrats自由民主党.获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为执政党8.TheQueenofBritainisconsideredtheheadoftheCommonwealth.TheheadquartersarealllocatedinLondon.英国女王被认为是英联邦的元首(然并卵,只是个代言人而已)。总部都设在伦敦。TheKingorQueen’sroleisceremonial,unpoliticalandsymbolicChapter4Economy1.Bythe19thcentury,theBritisheconomyhadproduced1/3oftheworld’smanufacturedgoods.十九世纪,英国独揽世界三分之一成品2.Inordertoseparatepoliticsandeconomicpolicy,TonyBlairmadetheBankofEnglandindependent.Hisgovernmentwassuccessfulinlimitinggovernmentspending,keepinginflationundercontrolandreducingunemployment.为了独立的政治和经济政策,布莱尔让英国央行独立。他的政府是成功的限制政府开支,控制通货膨胀,减少失业率。3.Import
本文标题:英语国家概况--谢福之-复习资料
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