英语国家概况--谢福之-复习资料

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapter1Geography,PeopleandLanguage全名:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritain（大不列颠联合王国）andNorthernIreland（北爱尔兰）.由成千上万的小岛组成（theBritishIsles）.两大岛屿：GreatBritain（大不列颠）andIreland（爱尔兰）TheRiverThames(secondlongestandmostimportant),originates（起源于）insouthwesternEngland-----NorthSea.Scotland(Edinburgh爱丁堡)importantriver:ClydeRiverkilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales(Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口).TheSevernRiveristhelongestriverofBritain------flowthroughwesternEngland.NorthernIreland(Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府)LoughNeagh----thelargestlakeintheBritishIsles.Climate:temperate,withwarmsummers,coolwintersandplentifulprecipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛Threemajorfeatures:winterfog,rainyday,instability冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---BuckinghamPalace（白金汉宫）,Guildhall(市政厅),St.Paul’sCathedral（圣保罗大教堂）,TheTowerBridgeofLondon（伦敦塔桥）ThemajorityofthepopulationisdescendantsoftheAnglo-Saxons,aGermanicpeoplefromEurope.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人MostpeopleinWalesandScotlandaredescendantsoftheCelticpeople,includingtheIrishpeople威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人EnglishbelongstotheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages.EnglishisintheGermanicgroup.英语属于日耳曼语语系Germanicgroup:EastGermanic,NorthGermanic,WestGermanic.EnglishevolvedfromtheWestGermanicgroup.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。英语从西日耳曼语中发展。1、OldEnglish:wasinfluencedbyOldNorsespokenbytheVikingsandwasrelatedtotheGermanandDutchlanguages.受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语密切相关.wasendedwiththeNormanConquest,whenthelanguagewasinfluencebytheFrench-speakingNormans.古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服2、MiddleEnglish:WilliamtheConquerorinvadedandconqueredandtheAnglo-Saxons(NumerousFrenchwordscameintotheEnglishvocabulary)征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁-撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）3、ModernEnglish(15century):WilliamCaxtonbroughtstandardizationtoEnglish,andspellingandgrammarbecamefixed.Thefirstdictionarypublishedin1604.SamuelJohnson:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagewasinfluentialinastandardformofspelling.卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语，并成为固定的拼写和语法。第一本字典发表于1604。约翰逊塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEngland.Itisalsocalled“theQueen’sEnglish”or“BBCEnglish”.Athirdofworld’spopulationuseEnglish.标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。它也被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英语”。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。Chapter2History1.有记录的历史起始于55BC,JuliusCaesar（凯撒大帝）andhisRomantroopsinvadedtheisland.410年,Germanic（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治2.Celtic→SpainandFrance凯尔特人→西班牙和法国Anglo-Saxon→GermanicTribes盎格鲁-撒克逊→日耳曼部落3.NormanConquest（诺曼征服）ofEnglandmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalism（封建制度）4.HenryII建立ruleoftheHouseofAnjou(安茹王朝)inEngland,亦称为theHouseofPlantagenet(金雀花王朝).Heimprovedthecourtsofjustice,introducethejurysystemandinstitutionalizedcommonlaw.他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。5.TheMagnaCa(大宪章）：英国宪政的基础thefoundationoftheBritishconstitutionalism6.HenryIIIwageswars.Theoutragednobles,ledbySimondeMontfort,draftedtheProvisionofOxford(牛津条约)tolimittheKing’spowerbycallingregularmeetingsof15-memberPrivyCouncil(枢密院).由SimondeMontfort率领的贵族，起草提供牛津（牛津条约）通过调用15名枢密院会议限制国王的权力（枢密院）SimondeMontfortfacilitatedthemodernideaofarepresentativeparliament.西蒙·德·蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的议会。7.TheWarsoftheRoses:theHouseofYork(whiterose)andtheHouseofLancaster(redrose)→winner.HenryTudorbecameKingHenryVIIandstartedtheruleoftheHouseofTudor.约克（白玫瑰）和兰开斯特家族（红玫瑰）→赢家。亨利都铎国王亨利七世，开始了都铎王朝的统治8.In1584,KingHenryVIIIissuedtheActofSupremacy《至尊法案》.In1651,CromwelldestroyedCharlesII’sarmy,whichmarkedtheendoftheCivilWars.In1660ParliamentdecidedtorestoreCharlesIItothethronewhichputanendtotheCommonwealth.1584，国王亨利八世颁布《至尊法案》至上的行为。在1651，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，这标志着内战结束。在1660届议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王位，这将结束了英联邦。9.在1688，光荣革命（GloriousRevolution）发生。在1689年，议会通过了人权法案（theBillofRights）。10.19世纪中期，工业革命完成。11.TheBritishEmpirebeganwiththecolonizationofNewfoundlandin1583.Bytheendof19thcentury,theBritishEmpireincludedabout1/4oftheglobalpopulationandtheworld’slandmass.大英帝国开始与纽芬兰殖民1583。在第十九世纪末，英帝国包括了1/4的世界人口和世界的陆地。12.SouthAfricanisthefourthself-governmentdominionoftheBritishEmpireafterCanada,AustraliaandNewZealand.南非是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自治领。Chapter3GovernmentandtheCommonwealth1.Britainisaparliamentarydemocracy议会制民主withaconstitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制.TheBritishConstitutionismadeupof①Statutorylaw成文法,制定法（themostimportant）→passedbyparliament②Commonlaw判例法，普通法→customsorlegalprecedents③Conventions习惯法，衡平法→notlegallyexist,butstillvital3.4.TheHouseofcommons（下议院）三大职能①Themostimportantisdraftingnewlaws.立法②toscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactionsofthegovernment约束政府③toinfluencethefuturegovernmentpolicy影像未来政策6.Theparliament:atwo-partysystem两党制7.Threemainparties:TheConservativeParty保守党,TheLaborParty工党,TheLiberalDemocrats自由民主党.获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为执政党8.TheQueenofBritainisconsideredtheheadoftheCommonwealth.TheheadquartersarealllocatedinLondon.英国女王被认为是英联邦的元首（然并卵，只是个代言人而已）。总部都设在伦敦。TheKingorQueen’sroleisceremonial,unpoliticalandsymbolicChapter4Economy1.Bythe19thcentury,theBritisheconomyhadproduced1/3oftheworld’smanufacturedgoods.十九世纪，英国独揽世界三分之一成品2.Inordertoseparatepoliticsandeconomicpolicy,TonyBlairmadetheBankofEnglandindependent.Hisgovernmentwassuccessfulinlimitinggovernmentspending,keepinginflationundercontrolandreducingunemployment.为了独立的政治和经济政策，布莱尔让英国央行独立。他的政府是成功的限制政府开支，控制通货膨胀，减少失业率。3.Import