自考英语词汇学-第五-章课件

英语词汇学Chapter5WordMeaning词义5.1TheMeaningof‘meaning’词义的意义5.1.1Reference所指关系Wordsarebutsymbols,manyofwhichhavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquiredreference.词只是符号，许多词只有获得所指关系后才有意义.Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.。所指关系是指语言与周围世界的关系.5.1.2Concept概念Meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.意义与概念有紧密的联系，但并不等同。他们都直接与所指对象相关，都是词的概念，但属于不同的范畴。5.1.2Concept概念Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.概念是语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果，是客观事物在人脑中的反映。Itisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoonwhereasmeaningbelongstolanguage,soisrestrictedtolanguageuse.概念对所有人类都一样，没有文化、种族、语言等方面的区别，而意义只属于语言范畴，所以仅限于语言的使用中。Therefore,aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.Eveninthesamelanguage,thesameconceptcanbeexpressedindifferentwords.因此，世界上有多少种语言，一个概念就有不同的表达法。甚至同一种语言，相同的概念可以用不同的词表示。5.1.3Sense语义Generallyspeaking,themeaningof‘meaning’isperhapswhatistermed‘sense’.Unlikereference,‘sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.一般说来，‘意义’的意义也许就是“语义”。不像所指，“语义”表示语言内部的关系。Everywordthat-hasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)有意义的每个词都有语义，但并不是每个词都有所指。5.2Motivation理据Motivationaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.理据解释的是语言符号和词义联系。5.2.1OnomatopoeicMotivation拟声理据InmodernEnglishonemayfindsomewordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeanings,forthesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises在现代英语中，人们可能会发现有些词的声音暗指了其意义。因为这些词是通过模仿自然声音的方式创造出来的。.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning.了解这些词的语音意味着理解其意义。5.2.2MorphologicalMotivation形态理据CompoundsandderivedWordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.Quiteoften,ifoneknowsthemeaningofeachmorpheme,namelyaffixorstem,onecanfigureoutthemeaningoftheword.：复合词和派生词是多语素词，而且其中大多数词的意义是组合词素的总和。情况往往是，假如一个人知道每一词素的意义，即词缀或词干，他便能推导出该词的意义。5.2.3SemanticMotivation语义理据Semanticmotivationreferstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.：语义理据是指由词的概念意义所暗示的联想意义。这种理据解释词的字面意义与比喻义之间的联系5.2.4EtymologicalMotivation词源理据:Themeaningsofmanywordsoftenrelatedirectlytotheirorigins.Inotherwordsthehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.：很多词的意义经常直接与其来源直接相关。换言之，词的历史解释了其意义。5.3Typeofmeaning意义的类型5.3.1GrammaticalmeaningandLexicalmeaning语法意义和词汇意义Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchaspartofspeechofwords(nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs),singularandpluralmeaningofnouns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms.语法意义是指单词意义的一部分，表示语法概念或关系，如单词的词性（名词，动词，形容词，副词），名词的单复数意义，动词时态意义和屈折形式（forget，forgets，forgot，forgotten，forgetting）。Ontheotherhand,thesamewordmayhavedifferentgrammaticalmeanings.另一方面，相同的词可能拥有不同的语法意义。Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.词义本身有两个组成部分：概念意义和关联意义。5.3.2ConceptualmeaningandAssociativeeaning概念意义和关联意义Conceptualmeaning(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.概念意义（也称为外延意义）是字典给出的意义，并且构成了词义的核心。Associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.关联想意义是附加于概念意义之上的第二重意义。Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminate.它与概念意义的区别在于其开放性和不确定性。Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.概念意义易受文化、经历、宗教、地域、阶级背景、教育等因素的影响，Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.关联想意义包括4种类型：内涵意义、文体意义、感情意义和搭配意义。Connotativemeaning.内涵意义Incontrasttodenotativemeaning,connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning,traditionallyknownasconnotations.与外延意义相对的，内涵意义是指由概念产生的言外之意或关联意义，传统上称作内涵。Itisnotanessentialpartoftheword-meaning,butassociationsthatmightoccurinthemindofaparticularuserofthelanguage.它并非词的核心部分，但它可能出现于该门语言的特定使用者心目中。Stylisticmeaning文体意义Apartfromtheirconceptualmeanings,manywordshavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontexts.除了其概念意义外，许多词带有文体特征，这使它们适合于不同的语境。Thisstylisticdifferenceisespeciallytrueofsynonyms.itisobservedthattherearefewwordswhichhaveboththesameconceptualmeaningandstylisticmeaning.文体差异对同义词而言尤其如此。据观察，很少有词既有相同的概念意义，又有相同的文体意义。MartinJoosinhisbookTheFiveClockssuggestsfivedegreeesofformality:‘frozen’,‘formal’,‘consultative’,‘casual’and‘intimate’。Peoplegenerallydonotgothatfar.Theynormallyclassifystylesinto‘formal’,‘neutral’and‘informal’.马丁裘斯在其《五只钟》这个书中提出5个等级的正式程度：刻板、正式、磋商、随便、亲密。但人们一般并没有分得那么细，他们通常将文体分为正式、中性和非正式。Affectivemeaning感情意义Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.感情意义表示说话者对于正在讨论的人或事得态度。Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories:appreciativeorpejorative.包含有感情值的词可分为两类：褒义或贬义。Collocativemeaning搭配意义Thismeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.Inotherwords,itisthatpartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.。这个意