不锈钢知识大全

FJEA-1-目录1.不锈钢的定义····················································································································22.不锈钢的发展历史············································································································23.不锈钢的种类····················································································································24.不锈钢钢种的发展············································································································25.不锈钢的特性····················································································································36.各种不锈钢的特性和用途·······························································································57.不锈钢的物理性能············································································································78.不锈钢小常识····················································································································89.不锈钢的应用····················································································································810.不锈钢专业名词说明·····································································································911.不锈钢的标识方法········································································································1012.不锈钢、特殊合金牌号与美国、日本、欧洲对照表··············································1113.世界各国不锈钢标准钢号对照表···············································································1214.不锈耐酸钢--钢号对照·································································································1515.不锈钢团体标准············································································································1616.不锈钢制造设备简介···································································································1717.不锈钢加工及施工········································································································1818.不锈钢的切割与弯曲···································································································1919.不锈钢表面洗涤要领···································································································1920.不锈钢保管及运输········································································································20FJEA-2-1.不锈钢的定义在空气中或化学腐蚀介质中能够抵抗腐蚀的一种高合金钢，不锈钢是具有美观的表面和耐腐蚀性能好，不必经过镀色等表面处理，而发挥不锈钢所固有的表面性能,使用于多方面的钢铁的一种，通常称为不锈钢。代表性能的有13铬钢，18-铬镍钢等高合金钢。从金相学角度分析，因为不锈钢含有铬而使表面形成很薄的铬膜，这个膜隔离开与钢内侵入的氧气起耐腐蚀的作用。为了保持不锈钢所固有的耐腐蚀性，钢必须含有12%以上的铬。2.不锈钢的发展历史中华名族是世界上最早冶铁炼钢的国家，我们的祖先远在三千年前就掌握了一些冶铁、炼钢、铸锻和热处理的技艺，比欧洲各国要早1700多年，对世界文明与人类进步作出过重要的贡献。钢铁对于现代化的工农业生产、交通运输、国防乃至人民生活来说，已成为最基本、最重要的材料。当前，尽管各种新型的无机材料和有机合成材料已得到很大发展。但从生产成本、广泛的适用性能等方面来看，它们还远远不能取代钢铁。因此钢铁的生产能力仍不失为衡量一个国家国力的重要标志之一。钢铁材料之所以得到如此广泛的应用是因为铁矿矿藏集中，贮藏量大，开采、冶炼比较经济，钢铁半成品冷、热变形能力强。制成品具有优良的力学性能（强度，塑性及抗冲击能力）和加工性能（切削，焊接、冷变形等）。但是与硅酸材料、高分子合成材料及某些有色金属相比，它的最大的缺点是：在大气或酸、碱、盐等各种介质条件下，易于因腐蚀而失重损耗，乃至完全破坏。3.不锈钢的种类不锈钢可以按用途、化学成分及金相组织来大体分类。以奥氏体系类的钢由18%铬-8%镍为基本组成，各元素的加入量变化的不同，而开发各种用途的钢种。以化学成分分类：①．CR系列：铁素体系列、马氏体系列②．CR-NI系列：奥氏体系列，异常系列，析出硬化系列。以金相组织的分类：①．奥氏体不锈钢②．铁素体不锈钢③．马氏体不锈钢④．双相不锈钢⑤．沉淀硬化不锈钢4.不锈钢钢种的发展1910～1914年诞生的组织分别为马氏体、铁素体和奥氏体的不锈钢，从化学成分来看，主要属Fe-Cr和Fe-Cr-Ni两大体系。从第一次世界大战结束到第二次世界大战结束的近三十年中（即1919年至1945年）。FJEA-3-随着各种工业的发展，不锈钢为适应工作条件而发生了分化，即在原来两大体系三种组织状态的基础上，通过增减碳含量和添加多种其它的合金元素而衍生出了许多新型的不锈钢。从二次大站结束直至目前为止的三十多年中，主要为适应抗海水或盐类腐烛，吸收Y射线及中子、获得超高强度、节约镍等需要而发展了抗点蚀不锈钢、原子能工业用不锈钢、沉淀硬化不锈钢和锰氮代镍不锈钢。近年来．为了解决奥氏体不锈钢的晶间腐烛和应力腐蚀问题，又分别发展了超低碳不锈钢和超纯铁素体不锈钢。目前，已投入市场的不锈钢的品种已达到230种以上，经常使用的也有近50种，其中约有80%是奥氏体不锈钢（18铬--8镍）的衍生物，而其余20%则是由13铬钢演变而成的。关于不锈钢钢种的最主要的研究和发展是集中在两个方面：◆第一个方面是改善钢的耐腐蚀性，其中对18-8钢晶间腐烛问题的研究，不仅发展了钢种，提出了解决这个间题的工艺方法。还促进了有关不锈钢的钝化和腐蚀机理的研究。◆第二个方面是发展高强度不锈钢（即沉淀硬化不锈钢），这种钢是二次大战后随着航空、航天和火箭技术的进展而发展起来的。其中半奥氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢具有优异的工艺性能（17-7PH类），固溶处理后极易加工成形，且随后的强化热处理（时效处理）温度不高变形很小，在美国这种钢多用于航空结构，并已大量生产，各国也都有类似钢种投入使用5.不锈钢的特性1．一般特性◆表面美观以及使用可能性多样化◆耐腐蚀性能好，比普通钢长久耐用◆耐腐蚀性好◆强度高，因而薄板使用的可能性大◆耐高温氧化及强度高，因此能够抗火灾◆常温加工，即容易塑性加工◆因为不必表面处理，所以简便、维护简单◆清洁，光洁度高◆焊接性能好2．不锈钢的品质特性项目基本组织代表钢种STS304STS430STS410热处理固融化热处理退火退火后急冷硬度性加工硬化性微量硬化性小量硬化性主要用途建筑物内外装饰,厨房用具,化学刻度,航空机器建筑材料,汽车零件,加用电器,厨房器具,饭盒等钎、刀机器零部件,医院用具,手术用具耐腐蚀性高高中强度高中高FJEA-4-加工性高中高磁性非磁上磁性上磁性焊接性高中低不锈钢的品质特性要求要求品质特性用途对象产品加工工艺表面质量BQ性材质形状厚度公差焊接性耐腐蚀性浅加工类刀、叉等落料→横延→切头→成型→抛光→清洗→包装要求高不得有麻点等缺陷好一般材一般-5%不要求好深加工类二类餐具、保温杯等落料→涂油→成型→（有时几次）切边→卷边→清洗→复底→抛光→焊手柄→包装要求高不得有划伤折痕等缺陷好DDQ要求高-3~-5%好好PIPE装饰管等窄带→挤成压成型→对焊→打磨焊缝→切管→磨口→抛光→包装要求高不得有折痕等缺陷一般一般材好-8%好一般厨具冷柜等的外壁落料→折边→电焊→打磨要求高不得有折痕等缺陷一般一般材一般-8%好一般容器热水器饮水机内胆窄带→卷筒→焊接→切管→焊底→打磨焊缝→包装一般一般一般材一般-10%好一般※各产品由于用途的不同，其加工工艺和原料的品质要求也不同。品质要求特性微细项目(1)材质：①DDQ（deepdrawingquality）材：是指用于深拉（冲）用途的材料，也就是大家所说的的软料，这种材料的主要特点是延伸率较高（≧53%），硬度较低（≦170%），内部晶粒等级在7.0~8.0之间，深冲性能极佳。目前许多生产保温瓶、锅类的企业，其产品的加工比（BLANKINGSIZE/制品直径）一般都比较高，它们的加工比分别达3.0、1.96、2.13、1.98。SUS304DDQ用材主要就是用于这些要求较高加工比的产品，当然加工比超过2.0的产品一般都需经过几道次的拉伸才能完成。如果原料延伸方面达不到的话，在加工深拉制品时产品极易产生裂纹、拉穿的现象，影响成品合格率，当然也就加大了厂家的成本；②一般材主要用于除了DDQ用途外的材料，这种材料的特点是延伸率相对较低（≧４５%），而硬度相对较高（≦１８０），内部晶粒度等级在8.0~9.0间，与DDQ用材比较，它的深冲性能相对稍差，它主要用于不需伸拉就能得到的制品，象一类餐具的勺、匙、叉、电器用具、钢管用途等。但它与DDQ材相比有一个优点，就是BQ性相对较好，这主要是由于它的硬度稍高的缘故。(2)表面品质：FJEA-5-不锈钢薄板是一种价格非常高的材料，客户对它的表面质量要求也非常高。但不