13-14-periods-Psychoanalytical-criticism

PsychologicalandPsychoanalyticCriticismContents1.Concepts2.Freudianpsychoanalysis3.Jungianpsychoanalysis4.LacanianpsychoanalysisAbrams’QuaternityofCriticalApproachestoLiterature•UNIVERSE•WORK•AUDIENCEARTISTPsychologicalcriticismPsychologicalcriticismdealswithaworkofliteratureprimarilyasanexpression,infictionalform,ofthestateofmindandthestructureofpersonalityoftheindividualauthor.(Abrams247)PsychoanalysisSincethe1920s,averywidespreadformofpsychologicalliterarycriticismhascometobepsychoanalyticcriticism,whosepremisesandprocedureswereestablishedbySigmundFreud(1856-1939).PsychoanalysisFreudhaddevelopedthedynamicformofpsychologythathecalledpsychoanalysisasameansofanalysisandtherapyforneuroses,butsoonexpandedittoaccountformanydevelopmentsandpracticesinthehistoryofcivilization,includingwarfare,mythology,andreligion,aswellasliteratureandtheotherarts.PsychoanalysisLiteratureandtheotherarts,likedreamsandneuroticsymptoms,consistoftheimagined,orfantasized,fulfillmentofwishesthatareeitherdeniedbyrealityorareprohibitedbythesocialstandardsofmoralityandpropriety.PsychoanalysisTheforbidden,mainlysexual(“libidinal”)wishescomeintoconflictwith,andarerepressedby,the“censor”(theinternalizedrepresentativewithineachindividualofthestandardsofsociety)intotheunconsciousrealmoftheartist’smind,butarepermittedbythecensortoachieveafantasiedsatisfactionindistortedformswhichservetodisguisetheirrealmotivesandobjectsfromtheconsciousmind.PsychoanalysisJungiancriticismofliteraturedepartsradicallyfrompsychoanalyticcriticism.Jung'semphasisisnotontheindividualunconscious,butonwhathecallsthecollectiveunconscious,sharedbyallindividualsinallcultures,whichheregardsastherepositoryofracialmemoriesandofprimordialimagesandpatternsofexperiencethathecallsarchetypes.Hedoesnot,likeFreud,viewliteratureasadisguisedformofli-bidinalwish-fulfillmentthattoalargeextentparallelsthefantasiesofaneu-roticpersonality.Instead,Jungregardsgreatliteratureas,likethemythswhosepatternsrecurindiversecultures,anexpressionofthearchetypesofthecollec-tiveunconscious.Agreatauthorpossesses,andprovidesforreaders,accesstothearchetypalimagesburiedintheracialmemory,andsosucceedsinrevitaliz-ingaspectsofthepsychewhichareessentialbothtoindividualself-integrationandtothementalandemotionalwell-beingofthehumanrace.Jung'stheoryofliteraturehasbeenacardinalformativeinfluenceonarchetypalcriticismandmythcriticismSigmundFreudThoughtofasthefatherofpsychoanalysis.LifeandcharacterLevelsofConsciousnessTheStructureofPersonalityPsychosexualTheoryofDevelopmentOedipusComplexTheOedipuscomplexContributions/limitationsofFreudFreudianPsychoanalyticalCriticismSigmundFreudDrSigmundFreud1856-1939OldestofeightchildrenMarriedwith3girlsand3boysPhysician-Biologist–ScientificorientedandPathologyorientedtheoryJewish-anti-religion-AllreligionanillusionusedtocopewithfeelingsofinfantilehelplessnessInViennaAustria78yearstill1938BasedtheoryonpersonalexperiencesDiedofcancerofjaw&mouthlifelongcigarchain-smokerSomeMainFreudianConceptsConscious,Unconscious,PreconsciousId,Ego,SuperegoPsychosexualTheoryofDevelopmentLibidoInstinctTheOedipusComplexLevelsofConsciousnessConscious-currentawarenessPreconscious-notawareofmaterialbutit’sretrievable(viaordinaryretrieval)Unconscious-notawareofmaterialbutit’snotretrievable(viaordinaryretrieval)consciousunconscious弗洛伊德的意识论icebergwaterpreconsciousTheUnconsciousWearenotawareofeverythinginourminds.RelationshipofConsciousPreconscious&UnconsciousThethreecomponentsofconsciousnessarenottobetakenasclearlydemarcatedexistents,butareinterralated,overlappingandevenmutuallytransformable:unconsciousmaybecomeconsciousundercertainconditions,andconsciousmaysimilarlyturnintounconsciousTheStructureofPersonalityTHEID—TheDemandingChildRuledbythepleasureprincipleTHEEGO—TheTrafficCopRuledbytherealityprincipleTHESUPEREGO—TheJudgeRuledbythemoralprincipleTheStructureofPersonality本我(id)自我(ego)超我(superego)“三我”论123•处于潜意识中，主要通过遗传获得的，包括先天的本能与欲望，像“一团混沌、一锅沸腾的兴奋物”。•受“快乐原则”的支配，避开痛苦。•以道德性和理想主义占据支配地位为特征的，包括良心与自我理想两部分。•良心是超我惩罚性、批判性的部分，遵循“至善原则”。•人格中多半能意识到的、理性的和适应的部分，介于现实世界与本我之间，作用是既满足本能的需要，又使其符合现实的社会规则，以免自身受到损害；•受“现实原则”支配本我自我超我三我结构的比较本我自我超我性质生物心理社会来源遗传经验文化取向过去现在过去层次无意识意识和无意识意识和无意识原则快乐现实道德理性非理性理性不合逻辑实质主观客观主观人格结构内部的动力过程导致外显行为食欲去食品市场偷吃别人的东西是犯罪憎恨父亲离家出走仇恨父亲是罪过求生欲望神经症逃避战场是胆小鬼性欲结婚非婚性行为不道德本我欲求自我的决定和行动超我的限制本我自我超我环境本我：与生俱来的本能冲动；遵循快乐原则。自我：现实化了的本能；遵循现实原则。超我：道德化了的自我；遵循至善原则。人格结构理论2020/3/2924意识结构与人格结构的关系IdBasicpsychicenergyandmotivationsOperatestodemandsofPleasurePrinciple-strivetosatisfydesiresandreduceinnertensionSeaaroundanIslandEgoDealswithrealworldOperatestodemandsofRealityPrinciplesolvesproblemsbyplanning&actingCityHallonislandrootsandfoundationinsea-idSuperegoInternalizedsocialnorm&moralforcespressingonandconstrainingindividualactionThe“over-I”overegoChurchonislandrootsandfoundationinsea-idRelationshipofidego&superegoFreudemphasizesthatthepersonalityarenotmechanicalparts,butareinteractingandinterchangeableWhenyouthinkofthisdividingupofthepersonalityintoego,superegoandid,youmustnotimagi