美国城市美化运动及其评价

:(08JA770005):,,,:USDepartmentofCommerce,USCensusBureau,StatisticalAbstractsoftheUnitedStates:1954,75thEdition,WashingtonDC,1954,p27.RaymondAMoh,lTheNewCity:UrbanAmericaintheIndustrialAge,18601920,ArlingtonHeights,Illinois:HarlanDavidson,Inc,1985,p174.美国城市美化运动及其评价孙群郎(,321004):美国城市兴起于工业化时代,其发展异常迅猛,城市基础设施滞后,街道布局和建筑景观单调乏味,城市绿地面积狭小,环境卫生恶劣此外,美国城市民族文化的多元性使其动荡不安因此,改进和美化城市环境,并进而重塑美国城市社会就成为当务之急于是,城市美化运动应运而生该运动渊源于19世纪中后期的城市公园运动和城市改进运动,这两股改革运动于19世纪末20世纪初汇合,形成城市美化运动由于各方面的原因,城市美化运动受到人们的抨击,20世纪20年代以后逐渐走向衰落城市美化运动是进步主义运动的一项重要内容,应该给予客观的和积极的评价:美国;城市美化运动;公园运动;城市改进运动:K712:A:0257-0246(2011)02-0094-081920,,,(CityBeautifulMovement),,,,,2020,,,,19,,,,,,,18606217,192054158,6077,(InstantCity)19,,,,,,,,,,(MartinVMelosi),,,,,:1994,,,,,,,,18001850,50%,,,,,19,,,,,,1886,,,,,(civiccenter),,,,,,,1920,,,,,,,,,191853,591066241858(FrederickLawOlmsted)(CalvertVaux)(Greensward),,:,,,25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,95美国城市美化运动及其评价:,,:,1989,335KennethTJackson,CrabgrassFrontier:TheSuburbanizationoftheUnitedStates,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1985,p74.HowardPChudacof,fTheEvolutionofAmericanUrbanSociety,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:Prentice-Hal,lInc,1981,p48GuntherBarth,CityPeople:TheRiseofModernCityCultureinNineteenthCenturyAmerica,Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1980,pp8,21.StephenCFoster,ed,ArchitectureandUrbanDesign,AnnArbor,Michigan:UMIResearchPress,1986,p30.500,114,,,,,,:,:(),,,20,(parkways),,19,,,19,,(municipalimprovementmovement),,,1889,(Springfield),1894,(AmericanSocietyofMunicipalImprovement),1900,,(NationalLeagueofImprovementAssociations),,,,1901,,(AmericanLeagueforCivicImprovement,ALCI),,,(CharlesMRobinson)18993,,,,,,1901,,,,,,,:,,,,18974,(AmericanParkandOutdoorArtAssociation,APOAA),,96社会科学战线2011年第2期美国城市史JuliusGyFabos,GordonTMilde,andVMichaelWeinmayr,FrederickLawOlmsted,Sr:FounderofLandscapeArchitectureinAmerica,theUniversityofMassachusettsPress,1968,p20.StephenCFoster,ed,ArchitectureandUrbanDesign,AnnArbor,Michigan:UMIResearchPress,1986,p48.StephenCFoster,ed,ArchitectureandUrbanDesign,AnnArbor,Michigan:UMIResearchPress,1986,p66.WilliamHWilson,TheCityBeautifulMovement,Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1989,p31.JonAPeterson,TheCityBeautifulMovement:ForgottenOriginsandLostMeanings,JournalofUrbanHistory,Vol2,No4,August1976,pp115-117.CharlesMulfordRobinson,ImprovementinCityLife:AestheticProgress,AtlanticMonthly,No83,June1899,p771,:ForgottenOriginsandLostMeanings,JournalofUrbanHistory,Vol2,No4,August1976,p122.WilliamHWilson,TheCityBeautifulMovement,Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1989,p47.1904,,(AmericanCivicAssociation,ACA),1920,,,,,,,(civiccenters),72,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,1893(WhiteCity),(DanielHBurnham),,(lagoon),(WoodedIsland),(CourtofHonor),,,,,,2100,,,1980,,1890,(Star)(WilliamRNelson)1889,,,(AugustRMeyer)189310,(GeorgeEKessler),,,(NorthTerracePark)(PennValleyPark)(WestTerracePark),(Paseo)1914,(JarvisHunt),1915,,,,,,,,,(PierreLEnfant)97美国城市美化运动及其评价HowardPChudacof,fTheEvolutionofAmericanUrbanSociety,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey:Prentice-Hal,lInc,1981,p186.RaymondAMoh,lTheNewCity:UrbanAmericaintheIndustrialAge,18601920,ArlingtonHeights,Illinois:HarlanDavidson,Inc,1985,p78.WilliamHWilson,TheCityBeautifulMovementinKansasCity,Columbia:UniversityofMissouriPress,1964,p104.(Mall),400,1,,,,18701900100,,,(JamesMcMillan)1901,,,7,19021,,800,2,,:,,2000,,,,,19001910,,,,,202019095,(BenjaminCMarsh),,,,,,,(HenryMorgenthau),12(AmericanInstituteofArchitects),(CassGilbert),,,,,,2020,,(citypractical)(cityefficient),(zoning),,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,1909,,,,,:98社会科学战线2011年第2期美国城市史JohnWReps,TheMakingofUrbanAmerica:AHistoryofCityPlanningintheUnitedStates,Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress,1965,p514.WilliamHWilson,TheCityBeautifulMovement,Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1989,p286.PeterHal,lCitiesofTomorrow:AnIntellectualHistoryofUrbanPlanningandDesignintheTwentiethCentury,Oxford:BlackwellPublishersLtd,2002,p190.WilliamHWilson,TheCityBeautifulMovement,Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1989,p287.(ThomasAdams):,(Geddes),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,19,,1920,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(MelScott),,,,,,,,:(1),,;(2),,,,,99美国城市美化运动及其评价StanleyBuder,VisionariesandPlanners:TheGardenCityMovementandtheModernCommunity,NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1990,p161.PeterHal,lCitiesofTomorrow:AnIntellectualHistoryofUrbanPlanningandDesignintheTwentiethCentury,Oxford:BlackwellPublishersLtd,2002,p167.PeterHal,lCitiesofTomorrow:AnIntellectualHistoryofUrbanPlanningandDesignintheTwentiethCentury,Oxford:BlackwellPublishersLtd,2002,pp195-196.JaneJacobs,TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCities,NewYork:RandomHouse,Inc.,1961,pp24-25.:,200411,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1920,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,1912:,,,,,,,,,(piecemeal),,,,,,,,:,:,,,,,,,30,,,,,,?,?,,,:,,,,,100社会科学战线2011年第2期美国城市史:(1897),2,:,1984,150ZaneLMiller,TheUrbanizationofModernAmerica,ABriefHistory,NewYork:HarccurtBraceJovanovich,Inc.,1973,p141.WilliamHWilson,TheCityBeautifulMovement,Baltimore:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,1989,p296.PeterHal,lCitie