英语语法笔记

语法笔记语法词法名词代词数词冠词介词连词形容词副词动词谓语动词非谓语动词情态动词时态语态（主/被动）虚拟语气不定式分词（现在/过去分词）动名词句法一般规则特殊规则三大类句子六种简单句九种句子成分简单句并列句复合句定语从句状语从句名词性从句•专有名词普通名词表示具体的人，事物，地点，团体或机构的专有名称1．个体名词：表示单个的人和事物。2．集体名词：表示一个种类或集体。3．物质名词：表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。(fire火steel钢air空气water水milk牛奶)4．抽象名词：表示动作，状态，品质或其他抽象概念。(labour劳动health健康life生活friendship友情patience耐力)一·名词A可数不可数：fire:意为火灾时可数义属抽象、物质、属类、学科时，多为不可数，一旦实指物体，则必可数。可数名词不可数名词B1、集体名词：以单数形式出现实为复数-如police/people/cattle/staff职员等不能加a/an可用the但可以用aperson/apoliceman/aheadofcattle/anumberofstaff/等表示本身就以复数形式出现-如clothes，glasses单可复根据状态而定2、单|复数形式相同-如Japanese，Chines等专有名词表国民时afewanumberof都可用some/any/alotof/lostof修饰little/little1.不可数n.:分类oil油oxygen氧气paper纸rain雨rice水稻smoke烟雾snow雪soap肥皂soup汤sugar糖tea茶water水wine葡萄酒wood木iron铁juice果汁ink油墨lumber木材meat肉2).属类nbusiness商业change零钱equipment设备fruit水果furniture家具jewelry珠宝luggage行李machinery机械mail邮件news新闻propaganda宣传scenery风景slang俚语stationery文具traffic交通vegetation植被weather天气money金钱3).学科n.architecture建筑art艺术chemistry化学civics市政学economics经济学engineering工程English英语geology地质学grammar语法history历史literature文学mathematics数学music音乐philosophy哲学physics物理学science科学technology技术vocabulary词汇1).物质n:air空气beer啤酒blood血液bread面包butter黄油cake蛋糕chalk粉笔cheese奶酪coal煤fog雾coffee咖啡electricity电力fish鱼gold黄金grass草hair头发ice冰4),运动和休闲baseball棒球basketball篮球bridge桥牌camping露营dancing跳舞drinking饮酒football足球golf高尔夫hiking远足hockey曲棍球homework家庭作业hunting狩猎opera歌剧sailing帆船singing歌唱softball垒球swimming游泳television电视traveling旅行volleyball排球2.不可数名词前用量词修饰acrowd/group/team/gang/bandofpeople(一群人)asparkofanger一丝怒气aburstoftears/cheers/laughter（突然爆发出的）一阵哭泣/喝彩/大笑agustofwind一阵狂风apieceofbread/paper//furniture/advice/news/music一片面包/一张纸/一件家具/一条建议/一首音乐agrainofsalt/sand/wheat一粒盐/沙子/麦子asliceofmeat/ham一片肉/火腿abarofchocolate/soap一条巧克力/肥皂aloafofbread一块面包acloudofsmoke一团烟雾adropofwater一滴水aglassofbeer一杯啤酒atrainofthoughts一连串的想法anicecupoftea一杯好茶apairofglasses/scissors/trousers一副眼镜/一把剪刀/一条裤子apacketofcigarettes一盒香烟asetoffurniture一套家具....3·不可数n.的复数形式①表示不同的种类时：eg：ThewinesofFranceareamongthebestintheworld．法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的.Firstofall，hewroteoutalonglistofallthefoodswhichwereforbidden。首先他列出了一长串禁用的食品.②表示量很大，远远超过该词原来表示的程度或次数。这一类词常见的有：sands沙滩\沙漠waters水域rains阵雨、雨季winds大风imes时代woods森林ruins废墟rags碎片、破衣服ashes灰烬/骨灰③某些表示饮料名称的物质名词往往以复数形式代替单位词。这类词有coffees，teas等④抽象名词具体化。有些抽象名词的复数形式表示具体的事物eg:cares烦人的事anxieties令人着急的事worries使人发愁的事difficulties难题joys使人高兴的事failures失败的事/失败的人）friendships表示友谊的事例名词积累：1.身体部位2·节日元旦NewYear'sDay春节(农历一月一日)theSpringFestival元宵节(农历一月十五日)theLanternFestival国际劳动妇女节(3月8日)InternationalWorkingWomen'sDay植树节ArborDay清明节ChingMingFestival;Tomb-sweepingFestival国际劳动节InternationalLabourDay中国青年节ChineseYouthDay端午节(农历五月初五)theDragonBoatFestival国际儿童节(6月1日)InternationalChildren'sDay中国共产党成立纪念日(7月1日)theParty'sBirthday中秋节(农历八月十五)Mid-autumn(Moon)Festival教师节Teachers'Day重阳节(农历九月九日)Double-ninthDay国庆节NationalDay除夕(农历十二月三十日)NewYear'sEve外国：复活节（EasterDay,EasterSunday）愚人节（AprilFool'sDay）母亲节（Mother'sDay）每年5月份的第2个星期日父亲节（Father'sDay）,每年6月份的第3个星期天万圣节（Halloween；EveofAllSaint'sDay）每年10月31日感恩节(ThanksgivingDay)每年11月最后一个星期四圣诞节.(ChristmasDay)，每年12月25日3.服装类上装jacket西装suit中山服zhongshanjacket衬衫jacket(男)blouse(女)猎装huntingcoat牛仔服cowboywear棉袄(防寒服)cottonwaddedjacket羽绒服downwear背心vest外套outerwear内衣underwear童装childrenwear女装ladywear男装manwear冬装winterclothes运动服sportwear休闲服easydress职业服businesssuit皮衣leather手饰handwear头饰headwear脚饰footwear毛巾towel手套glove帽子cap手镯bracelet项链necklace短裤abovemid-kneeshorts劳动保护服workingwear毛呢服装woolengarmewnt新娘服weddinggown西裤trousers风衣trenchcoat节裙tieredskirt燕尾服swallow-tailedcoat筒裙straightskirt西裙skirt丝绸服装silkgarment马裤ridingbreeches旗袍qipao裙裤culotte旗袍裤qipaostyleskirt睡衣pajamas百摺裙pleatedskirt大衣overcoata字裙a-lineskirt风雨衣all-weathercoat服饰apparelandaccessories喇叭裤bell-bottomtrousers中式裤chinesestyleslack披风cape羽绒服装downgarment羽绒裤downwaddedtrousers连衣裙dress,jumpersuit晚礼服eveningdress时装fashion喇叭裙flareskirt裘革服furorleathergarment婴儿装infant'swear牛仔裤jeans背心裙jumperskirt服装garment,clothing,apparel灯笼裤knickerbockers斗蓬mantle超短裙mini-skirt睡袍night-gown背带裙overalls4.食物类西红柿tomato菠萝pineapple西瓜watermelon香蕉banana柚子shaddock（pomelo）橙子orange苹果apple柠檬lemon樱桃cherry桃子peach梨pear枣Chinesedate（去核枣pitteddate）石榴pomegranate椰子coconut草莓strawberry树莓raspberry蓝莓blueberry黑莓blackberry葡萄grape甘蔗sugarcane芒果mango木瓜pawpaw或者papaya杏子apricot油桃nectarine柿子persimmon石榴pomegranate榴莲jackfruit猕猴桃kiwifruitorChinesegooseberry金橘cumquat蟠桃flatpeach荔枝greengage山楂果haw水蜜桃honeypeach香瓜，甜瓜muskmelon李子plum杨梅waxberryredbayberry桂圆crabapple杨桃starfruit枇杷loquat柑橘tangerine三文治sandwich米饭rice粥congee（ricesoup）汤soup饺子dumpling面条noodle比萨饼pizza方便面instantnoodle香肠sausage面包bread黄油（白塔油）butter茶叶蛋Teaeggs油菜rape饼干cookies咸菜（泡菜）pickle馒头steamedbread饼（蛋糕）cake汉堡hamburger火腿ham奶酪cheese馄饨皮wontonskin高筋面粉Strongflour小麦wheat大麦barley春卷Springrolls芋头Taro山药yam鱼翅sharkfin春卷springroll肉馅饼mincedpie糙米Brownrice玉米corn馅儿stuffing开胃菜appetizer面粉flour燕麦oat白薯甘薯sweetpotato牛排steak里脊肉fillet凉粉beanjelly糯米江米stickyrice燕窝bird'snest肉丸子meatballs点心（中式）dimsum淀粉starch蛋挞eggtart二·代词1·人称代词反身代词：（1）做动词或介词的宾语（为强调行为的对象是自己）shelookedatherselfinthemirror/Ifelldownthestairsandhurtmyself（2）强调名词或代词youshoulddoityouself/ImyselfhavebeennevertoUSA,butIhearitsnice（3）固定搭配cometoonese