LCA没美国钢产品的生命周期评价

1LifeCycleAssessmentAproduct-orientedmethodforsustainabilityanalysisUNEPLCATrainingKitModuleb–OverviewofLCA•WhatisLCA?•WhyLCA?•TheISO14040framework–Goalandscopedefinition–Inventoryanalysis–Impactassessment–InterpretationContents33WhatisLCA?(1)•Officially:LifeCycleAssessment•Hereconfinedto:quantitativeenvironmentalLifeCycleAssessmentofproducts–environmental–LifeCycle–Assessment–quantitative–products44WhatisLCA?(2)•Atleastthreedifferentmeanings:–LCAasafieldofstudy–LCAasatechnique–LCAasaspecificstudy55WhatisLCA?(3)•Basically:toolfordecision-support–computationalaspects•whichdata•whichmodels•whichformulas–proceduralaspects•whotoinvolve•howtoreport•howtouse66WhatisLCA?(4)•ISO-standardisedprocedure(ISO14040,createdin1997-2000;revisedin2006)–Structuredframework:fourphases–Rules,requirementsandconsiderationsspecified–Specificdataandcalculationstepsnotspecified–MuchattentionfortransparencyinreportingISO14040framework(1)-Productdevelopmentandimprovement-Strategicplanning-Publicpolicymaking-Marketing-OtherGoalandscopedefinitionInventoryanalysisImpactassessmentInterpretationDirectapplications:LifecycleassessmentframeworkSource:ISO1404088ISO14040framework(2)•ISO:Compilationandevaluationoftheinputs,outputsandthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsofaproductsystemthroughoutitslifecycle–InternationalStandardISO14040–complementaryInternationalStandardsISO14041,14042,14043–noTechnicalReportto14040,butTechnicalReportsto14041and14042–14044mergestherevised14040-14043(2006)99WhyLCA?(1)•Whyaproduct-orientedinformationtool?–Increasedattentionforproductpolicy•severalnationalpolicyplans•EU’sIntegratedProductPolicy•UNEP’sInternationalDeclarationonCleanerProduction•etc.–Influenceconsumptionandproductionpatterns•clean(er)production•ecolabel•productstewardship•etc.1010WhyLCA?(2)•Whyanintegratedinformationtool?–Preventproblemshifting•tootherlifecyclestages•toothersubstances•tootherenvironmentalproblems•toothercountries•tothefuture1111WhyLCA?(3)•Whyamethod?–Tostructurethelargeamountofcomplexdata–Tofacilitatecomparisonsacrossproductalternatives–ToenablebenchmarkingWhyLCA?(4)•Whycomplexdata?ProductpropertyIncandescentlampFluorescentlamppowerconsumption60W18Wlifespan1000hr5000hrmass30g540gmercurycontent0mg2mgetc……ISO14040framework(3)-Productdevelopmentandimprovement-Strategicplanning-Publicpolicymaking-Marketing-OtherGoalandscopedefinitionInventoryanalysisImpactassessmentInterpretationDirectapplications:LifecycleassessmentframeworkSource:ISO140401414Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(1)•Phaseoflifecycleassessmentinwhichtheaimofthestudy,andinrelationtothat,thebreadthanddepthofthestudyisestablished–goaldefinition–scopedefinition1515Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(2)•Goaldefinition:–intendedapplication•productdevelopmentandimprovement•strategicplanning•publicdecisionmaking•marketing•other–reasonsforcarryingoutthestudy–intendedaudience1616Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(3)•Scopedefinition:–function,functionalunitandreferenceflow–initialchoices•systemboundaries•dataquality•…–criticalreviewandotherproceduralaspects1717Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(4)•Functionalunit:–comparisononthebasisofanequivalentfunction–example:1000litersofmilkpackedinglassbottlesorpackedincarton,insteadof1glassbottleversus1carton1818Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(5)•Criticalreviewandotherproceduralaspects–criticalreviewtoensuretheconsistency,scientificvalidity,transparencyofthereport,etc.–internalreview,externalreview,reviewbyinterestedparties–proceduralembeddingofLCA:LCAasa(participatory)process1919Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(1)•Phaseoflifecycleassessmentinvolvingthecompilationandquantificationofinputsandoutputs,foragivenproductsystemthroughoutitslifecycle•Steps:–preparingfordatacollection–datacollection–calculationprocedures–allocationandrecycling2020Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(2)•Centralpositionforunitprocess–smallestportionofaproductsystemforwhichdataarecollected•Typicalexamples:–electricityproductionbycoalcombustion–PVCproduction–useofapassengercar–recyclingofaluminumscrapPhase2:Inventoryanalysis(3)•Datacollectionforunitprocesses:–flowsofintermediateproductsorwastefortreatment–elementaryflowsfromortotheenvironmentelectricityproductionelectricitycoalgeneratorflyashPhase2:Inventoryanalysis(4)•Combinationofunitprocessesintoaproductsystem•GraphicalrepresentationinaflowdiagramelectricityproductionelectricitycoalgeneratorflyashcoalminingequipmentgeneratorproductionsteelflyashtreatmentgypsumsystemboundaryreferenceflowproductsystemPhase2:Inventoryanalysis(5)Source::Inventoryanalysis(6)electricityproductionwithcogenerationofheat(CHP)electricitycoalgeneratorflyashheat•Calculationprocedures–relateprocessdatatothefunctionalunit(matrixalgebra)–allocationofmultipleprocesses(multipleoutputs,multipleinputs,re-useandrecycling)–aggregationoverallunitprocessesintheinventorytable2525Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(7)•InventorytableElementaryflowIncandescentlampFluorescentlampCO2toair800000kg50000kgSO2toair1000kg80kgCoppertowater3g20gCrudeoilfromearth37000kg22000kgetc