Translation-Skills

TranslationSkillsTranslationinGeneralandTranslationofSpecialLiteratureTranslationSkills（1）definitionoftranslation(翻译的定义)（2）natureandscopeoftranslation(翻译的性质和范围）（3）principlesorcriteriaoftranslation(翻译的原则或标准)（4）literaltranslationandfreetranslation(直译和意译)（5）translationtechnique(翻译技巧)（6）specialattention(特别注意)DefinitionofTranslationTranslationisarenderingofideasorconceptsfromonelanguageintoanother,i.e.,thefaithfulrepresentationinthetargetlanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidintheoriginallanguage.菜单（inrestaurant）例如:menu选项、项目单(incomputerscience)NatureandscopeoftranslationNature:①asubjectinthecurriculum;②ajobpeopleengagein;③apieceofliterarywork;④thetranslatingorinterpretingworkitself;⑤translatororinterpreterhimself/herself.Scope：fromnativelanguagesintoforeignlanguages①intermoflanguagefromforeignlanguagesintonativelanguagesoralinterpretation②intermofthemodewrittentranslationtranslationofscientificmaterialstranslationofliteraryworks③intermofmaterialstobetranslatedtranslationofpoliticalessaystranslationofpracticalwritingfull-texttranslation④…disposalabridgedtranslationadaptedtranslationPrinciplesorcriteriaoftranslationYanFu:“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(达),andelegance(雅)”,Almostunanimouslyacceptedbyall:thecriterionoffaithfulness/accuracy(忠实/准确）andthatofsmoothness(流畅)..Byfaithfulness/accuracy,wemeantobefaithfulnotonlytotheoriginalcontents,totheoriginalmeaningandviews,butalsototheoriginalformandstyle..Bysmoothness,wemeannotonlyeasyandreadablerendering,butalsoidiomaticexpressioninthetargetlanguage,freefromstiffformulaandmechanicalcopyingfromdictionaries.LiteraltranslationandfreetranslationLiteraltranslation:tokeepthesentimentsandstyleoftheoriginal.Forexample,armedtotheteeth(武装到牙齿),crocodile’stears(鳄鱼的眼泪),chainreaction(连锁反应),gentlemen’sagreement(君子协定),andsoon.Similarly,someChineseidiomsalsofindtheirEnglishcounterpartsthroughliteraltranslation.Forexample,纸老虎(papertiger),一国两制(onecountry,twosystems),andsoon.ps:tryingtobeflexibleFreetranslation:toconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginal.Forexample,Adam’sApple（喉结）atsixesandsevens（乱七八槽）Itrainscatsanddogs.（大雨滂沱）Don’tcrossthebridgetillyougettoit.（不必担心过早/不必自寻烦恼。)Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?(你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗?)Ps:becautiousofsubjectivity注意：Inactualpractice,weoftenalternateorcombinethesetwoapproachesinsteadstickingtoeither.Translationtechniques.Speakingoftranslationtechniques,wedifferfromthosewhotendtoignoreorexaggeratethem..Differentkindsofmaterialstobetranslatedrequiredifferentstressesintheirrendering.Thebasictranslationtechniques:(1)Diction(选词用字)(2)Amplification(增益)(3)Omission（省略)(4)Repetition(重复)(5)Conversion(转换）(6)Rearrangement(词序调整)(7)Negation(正说反译，反说正译)(8)Division(长句拆译)Specialattentionweshouldtreatthetranslationofeachkindofdocumentaryworksdiscriminatingly.Inordertoexpandhis/herscopeofknowledge,aconscientioustranslatorshouldalwaysdotwothingsonhis/herown:(1)constantlyexposinghimself/herselftovariousreadingmaterials,variousdocumentsetc.onallsubjectrelevanttohis/herwork;(2)conscientiouslyconsultingtherelevantbackgroundmaterialsorreferentialmaterialsonthesubjectdealtwithbythetextsoastokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.练习Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes;itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness;itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity;itwastheseasonoftheLight,itwastheseasonofDarkness;itwasthespringofHope,itwasthewinterofDespair;wehadeverythingbeforeus,Wehadnothingbeforeus;wewereallgoingtoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheotherway.这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期;这是智慧的年代,这是愚蠢的年代;这是充满信仰的时代,这是顾虑重重的时代;这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节;这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬;我们拥有一切，我们一无所有;我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱.Agreetingcardcanwarmaheart,holdahand,lendanear,pataback,lightupaface,tickleafunnybone,dryaneye,surpriseachild,wooasweetheart,toastabride,welcomeastranger,waveagood-bye,shoutabravo,blowakiss,mendaquarrel,easeapain,boostamorale,stopaworryandstartatradition.一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背;它令人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒,抹去泪汪汪;它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎;它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge,variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesortreasuresforthemankind,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothesocialprogressofthehumanrace.Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedas“intangibleassets”ofthewholeworldbecausetheyare,ontheonehand,thesummary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementsobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies;andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Inthissense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturearerecordsofpreciousresearchfindingsandacademicachievements,andthecrystallizationofhumancivilization.作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了人类社会的进步。专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验或研究成果的总结、概括和发展；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的遗产。因此，从这种意义上讲，一切文献都是前入的研究发现和学术成就的宝贵记载，是人类文化的结晶。翻泽的意义是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地讲，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。从以上翻译的定义来看，我们知道词句的原意必须尽可能保持准确，不可有所增删。翻译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性与表达性。Translationistheconversionofanexpressionintoanotherlanguage.Tosayplainlyitisanarttoreproducethe