基于单片机的直流电机调速系统毕业设计

论文题目：基于直流载波通信的电机调速系统设计与实现摘要本文主要研究了利用MCS-51系列单片机控制PWM信号从而实现对直流电机转速进行控制的方法。文章中采用了专门的芯片组成了PWM信号的发生系统，并且对PWM信号的原理、产生方法以及如何通过软件编程对PWM信号占空比进行调节，从而控制其输入信号波形等均作了详细的阐述。此外，本文中还采用了芯片IR2110作为直流电机正转调速功率放大电路的驱动模块，并且把它与延时电路相结合完成了在主电路中对直流电机的控制。另外，本系统中使用了测速发电机对直流电机的转速进行测量，经过滤波电路后，将测量值送到A/D转换器，并且最终作为反馈值输入到单片机进行PI运算，从而实现了对直流电机速度的控制。在软件方面，文章中详细介绍了PI运算程序，初始化程序等的编写思路和具体的程序实现。关键词：PWM信号，测速发电机，PI运算1TheDesignofDirectCurrentMotorspeedRegulationSystemBasedOnSCMHunanRailwayProfessionalTechnologyCollegeAbstractThisarticlemainlyintroducesthemethodtogeneratethePWMsignalbyusingMCS-51single-chipcomputertocontrolthespeedofaD.C.motor.ItalsoclarifiestheprinciplesofPWMandthewaytoadjustthedutycycleofPWMsignal.Inaddition,IR2110hasbeenusedasanactuatingdeviceofthepoweramplifiercircuitwhichcontrolsthespeedofrotationofD.C.motor.What’smore,tachogeneratorisusedinthissystemtomeasurethespeedofD.C.motor.TheresultofthemeasurementissenttoA/Dconverterafterpassingthefilteringcircuit,andfinallythefeedbacksingleisstoredinthesingle-chipcomputerandparticipatesinaPIcalculation.Asforthesoftware,thisarticleintroducesindetailtheideaoftheprogrammingandhowtomakeit.Keywords:PWMsignal，tachogenerator，PIcalculation2目录1.引言............................................................................11.1开发背景.......................................................................................................11.2选题的目的和意义....................................................................................11.3研究方法.......................................................................................................22.总体设计概述.............................................................22.1总体硬件电路设计....................................................................................22.1.1系统总体设计框图.................................................................................22.1.28051单片机简介...................................................................................32.1.3单片机系统中所用其他芯片选型.........................................................42.2PWM信号发生电路设计............................................................................72.2.1PWM的基本原理.....................................................................................72.2.2PWM信号发生电路设计.........................................................................82.2.3PWM发生电路主要芯片的工作原理......................................................92.3功率放大驱动电路设计.........................................................................102.3.1芯片IR2110性能及特点.....................................................................102.3.2IR2110的引脚图以及功能..................................................................112.4主电路设计................................................................................................112.4.1延时保护电路......................................................................................112.4.2主电路..................................................................................................112.4.3输出电压波形......................................................................................132.4.4系统总体电路图...................................................................................142.5测速发电机................................................................................................152.6滤波电路.....................................................................................................152.7A/D转换......................................................................................................152.7.1芯片选型...............................................................................................152.7.2ADC0809的引脚及其功能...................................................................163.系统软件部分的设计..............................................163.1PI转速调节器原理图及参数计算....................................................163.2系统中的部分程序设计.........................................................................173.2.1主程序设计.......................................................................................173.2.2PI控制算法子程序设计...............................................................184.系统调试...................................................................194.1软件调试......................................................................................................194.2系统仿真......................................................................................................20结论..............................................................................21致谢..............................................................................21参考文献......................................................................22附录..............................................................................2311.引言1.1开发背景现代工业生产中，电动机是主要的驱动设备，目前在直流电动机拖动系统中已大量采用晶闸管(即可控硅)装置向电动机供电的KZ—D拖动系统，取代了笨重的发电动一电动机的F—D系统，又伴随着电子技术的高度发展，促使直流电机调速逐步从模拟化向数字化转变，特别是单片机技术的应用，使直流电机调速技术又进入到一个新的阶段，智能化、高可靠性已成为它发展的趋势。直流电机调速基本原理是比较简单的（相对于交流电机），只要改变电机的电压就可以改变转速了。改变电压的方法很多，最常见的一种PWM脉宽调制，调节电机的输入占空比就可以控制电机的平均电压，控制转速。PWM控制的基本原理很早就已经提出，但是受电力电子器件发展水平的制约，在上世纪80年代以前一直未